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Vitamin A
- slow recovery of vision after flashes of bright light at night is the first ocular symptom; can progress to xerophthalmaia and blindness
- bone growth ceases; bone shape changes;enamel-forming cells in teeth malfunction; teeth crack and tend to decay
- skin becomes dry, scaly, rough, and cracked; keratinization or hyperkeratosis develops; mucous membrane cells flatten and harden: eyes become dry (xerosis); irreversible drying and hardening of the cornea can result in blindness.
- decreased saliva secretion-difficulty chewing, swallowing-anorexia
- decreased mucous secretion of the stomach and intestines-impaired digestion and absorption-diarrhea, increased excretion of nutrients
- impaired immune system functioning-increased susceptibility to respiratory, urinary tract, and vaginal infections increases
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Vitamin D
- -Rickets (in infant and children):
- retarded bone growth,
- bone malformations (bow legged), enlargement of ends of long bones (knock-knees),
- deformities of the ribs ( bowed, with beads and knobs)
- delayed closing of the fontanel- rapid enlargement of the head
- decreased serum calcium and/or phosphorus
- malformed teeth; decayed teeth
- protrusion of the abdomen related to relaxation of the abdominal muscles
- increased secretion of the parathyroid hormone
- -osteomalacia (in adults)
- softening of the bones-deformities, pain and easy fracture
- decreased serum calcium and/or phosphurus, increased alkalina phosphatase
- involuntary muscle twitching and spasms
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Vitamin E
- Increased RBC hemolysis
- in infants, anemia, edema, and skin lesions
-
-
Thiamin (Vit. B1)
- Beriberi:
- mental confusion, decrease in short term mempry
- fatigue, apathy
- peripheral paralysis
- muscle weakness and wasting
- painful calf muscles
- anorexia, wight loss
- edema
- enlarged heart
- sudden death from heart failure
-
Riboflavin (Vit B2)
- dermatitis
- cheilosis
- glossitis
- photophobia
- reddening of the cornea
-
Niacin (Vit B3)
- Pellagra: 4D's
- dermatitis (bilateral and symmetrical) and glossitis
- diarrhea
- dementia, irrability, mental confusion- psychosis
- death-if untreated
-
Vitamin B6
dermatitis, cheilosis, glossitis, abnormal brain wave pattern, convulsions, and anemia
-
Folate
glossitis, diarrhea, macrocytic anemia, deppression, mental confusion, fainting, fatigue
-
Vitamin B12
- -Gi changes: glossitis, anorexia, indisgestion, recurring diarrhea or constipation, and weight loss
- -macrocytic anemia: pallor, dyspnea, weakness, fatigue, and palpitations.
- -neurologic changes: paresthesia of the hands of feet, decreased sense of position, poor muscle coordination, poor memory, irritability, deppression, paranoia, delirium, and hallucinations
-
Pantothenic acid
rare; general failure of all body systems
-
Biotin
rare; anorexia, fatigue, deppression, dry skin, heart abnormalities
-
Vitamin C
- -bleeding gums, pinpoint hemorrhages under the skin
- -scurvy, characterized by
- hemorrhaging
- muscle degeneration
- skin changes
- delayed wound healing:reopening of old wounds
- softening of the bones-malformations, pain, easy fractures
- soft, loose teeth
- anemia
- increased susceptibility to infection
- hysteria and deppression
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