vitamins/defiency

• slow recovery of vision after flashes of bright light at night is the first ocular symptom; can progress to xerophthalmaia and blindness
• bone growth ceases; bone shape changes;enamel-forming cells in teeth malfunction; teeth crack and tend to decay
• skin becomes dry, scaly, rough, and cracked; keratinization or hyperkeratosis develops; mucous membrane cells flatten and harden: eyes become dry (xerosis); irreversible drying and hardening of the cornea can result in blindness.
• decreased saliva secretion-difficulty chewing, swallowing-anorexia
• decreased mucous secretion of the stomach and intestines-impaired digestion and absorption-diarrhea, increased excretion of nutrients
• impaired immune system functioning-increased susceptibility to respiratory, urinary tract, and vaginal infections increases

• -Rickets (in infant and children):
• retarded bone growth,
• bone malformations (bow legged), enlargement of ends of long bones (knock-knees),
• deformities of the ribs ( bowed, with beads and knobs)
• delayed closing of the fontanel- rapid enlargement of the head
• decreased serum calcium and/or phosphorus
• malformed teeth; decayed teeth
• protrusion of the abdomen related to relaxation of the abdominal muscles
• increased secretion of the parathyroid hormone
• -osteomalacia (in adults)
• softening of the bones-deformities, pain and easy fracture
• decreased serum calcium and/or phosphurus, increased alkalina phosphatase
• involuntary muscle twitching and spasms

• Increased RBC hemolysis
• in infants, anemia, edema, and skin lesions

hemorrhaging

• Beriberi:
• mental confusion, decrease in short term mempry
• fatigue, apathy
• peripheral paralysis
• muscle weakness and wasting
• painful calf muscles
• anorexia, wight loss
• edema
• enlarged heart
• sudden death from heart failure

• dermatitis
• cheilosis
• glossitis
• photophobia
• reddening of the cornea

• Pellagra: 4D's
• dermatitis (bilateral and symmetrical) and glossitis
• diarrhea
• dementia, irrability, mental confusion- psychosis
• death-if untreated

dermatitis, cheilosis, glossitis, abnormal brain wave pattern, convulsions, and anemia

glossitis, diarrhea, macrocytic anemia, deppression, mental confusion, fainting, fatigue

• -Gi changes: glossitis, anorexia, indisgestion, recurring diarrhea or constipation, and weight loss
• -macrocytic anemia: pallor, dyspnea, weakness, fatigue, and palpitations.
• -neurologic changes: paresthesia of the hands of feet, decreased sense of position, poor muscle coordination, poor memory, irritability, deppression, paranoia, delirium, and hallucinations

rare; general failure of all body systems

rare; anorexia, fatigue, deppression, dry skin, heart abnormalities

• -bleeding gums, pinpoint hemorrhages under the skin
• -scurvy, characterized by
• hemorrhaging
• muscle degeneration
• skin changes
• delayed wound healing:reopening of old wounds
• softening of the bones-malformations, pain, easy fractures
• soft, loose teeth
• anemia
• increased susceptibility to infection
• hysteria and deppression