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Define "culture"
The set of ideas and things handed down from generation to generation in a particular group or society; culture is both a product of people's actions and a constraint on their actions
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Define "material culture"
Includes all those things that humans make or adopt from the raw stuff of nature: (ie. houses, forks, jewelry)
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Define "nonmaterial culture"
Made up of intangible things- vary from simple to complex. (ie. our ideas about beauty, happiness, boredom)
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Define "symbols"
Anything that represents something else to more than one person (ie. $ (dollar), %(percent), &(and)) Stands for something other than itself
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Define "language/gestures"
Organized set of symbols, nonmaterial; made up of spoken or written words and gestures, along with rules (grammar)
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Define "norms"
Socially accepted rules for behavior
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Who is William Graham Sumner?
Sociologist who divided norms into two categories: folkways and mores
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Define "folkways"
The most gentle of norms; casual, violations not taken seriously
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Define "mores/mos"
Important norms; reflect important rules (ie. norm against unjustified assaults)
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Define "taboos"
Society's most important social norms; even the thought of violating a taboo is deeply repugnant
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Define "sanctions (formal & informal)"
Visible responses to behavior; may be positive or negative, formal or informal (ie. f: official responses for specific organizations in society like the church, if:individuals in social groups)
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Define "values"
General or abstract ideas about what is good and desirable, as opposed to what is bad and undesirable
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Define "beliefs"
Shared ideas about what is real
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Define "ideology"
Shared beliefs that are distorted by economic or political condition
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What are "social institutions" ?
A set of ideas about the proper response to an important societal problem; accepted and persistent constellation of statuses, roles, values, and norms that respond to important societal needs
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What is "cultural leveling" ?
Occurs when different cultures come to seem alike as a result of a great deal of cultural diffusion
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What is "cultural diffusion" ?
Process by which people of different cultures borrow elements of material or nonmaterial culture from one another
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Define "subculture"
A group of people whose shared specialized values, norms, beliefs, or use of material culture sets them apart from other people in society
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Define "counterculture"
Subculture whose values and beliefs set it not only apart from but also in opposition to the dominant culture
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Define "idioculture"
Knowledge, beliefs, behaviors, and customs shared by members of a small group, used by members to facilitate interaction
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Define "status inconsistency"
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What is "group versus social aggregate" ?
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Define "formal organization"
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What is the "iron cage" ?
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Define "goal displacement"
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Define "habitualized action"
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What are "attributes of social institutions" ?
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Define "representative democracy"
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