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blood vessels that transport blood away from the heart
arteries
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the smallest arteries that transport blood from larger arteries to the capillaries.
arterioles
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the specialized mass of conducting cells in the heart located at the atrioventricular junction
atrioventricular (AV) node
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stretch receptor located within the cardiovascular system that senses changes in blood pressure
baroreceptor
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a resting heart rate lower than 60 bpm
bradycardia
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the smallest vessels transporting blood from the heart to the tissues and the actual sites of exchange between the blood and tissue
capillaries
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the period that includes all events between two consecutive heartbeats
cardiac cycle
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the volume of blood pumped out by the heart per minute. Q = HR X stroke volume.
cardiac output (Q)
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a sensory organ capable of reacting to a chemical stimulus
chemoreceptor
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the lowest arterial pressure, resulting from ventricular diastole (the resting phase)
diastolic blood pressure
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the fraction of blood pumped out of the left ventricle with each contraction, determined by divind stroke volume by end-diastolic volume and expressed as a percentage
ejection fraction
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a recording of the heart's electrical activity
electrocardiogram (ECG)
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the volume of blood remaining in the left ventricle at the end of diastole just before contraction
end diastolic volume (EDV)
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the volume of blood remaining in the left ventricle at the end of systole, just after contraction
end systolic volume (ESV)
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redistribution of blood at the system or body level through neural mechanisms
extrinsic neural control
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the percentage of cells or formed elements in the total blood volume. more than 99% of the cells or formed elements are red blood cells
hematocrit
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increased red blood cell concentration by increased production of cells.
hematopoiesis
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the iron-containing pigment in red blood cells that binds oxygen
hemoglobin
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the average pressure exerted by the blood as it travels through the arteries. it is estimated as follows: MAP = DBP + (0.333 X (SBP - DBP)).
mean arterial pressure (MAP)
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an end organ that responds to changes in mechanical stress, such as stretch, compression, or distension
mechanoreceptors
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the muscle of the heart
myocardium
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a double-layered outer covering of the heart
pericardium
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a common cardiac arrhythmia that results in the feeling of skipped or extra beats caused by impulses originating outside the SA node
premature ventricular contraction (PVC)
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the terminal branches if the AV bundle that transmit impulses through the ventricles six times faster than through the rest of the cardiac conduction system
Purkinje fibers
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a group of specialized myocardial cells, located in the wall of the right atrium, that control the heart's rate of contraction; the pacemaker of the heart
sinoatrial (SA) node
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the amount of blood ejected from the left ventricle during contraction; the difference between the end-diastolic volume and the end-systolic volume
stroke volume (SV)
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the greatest arterial blood pressure, resulting from systole (the contracting phase of the heart)
systolic blood pressure
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a resting heart rate greater than 100 bpm
tachycardia
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the constriction or narrowing of blood vessels
vasoconstriction
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the dilation or widening of blood vessels
vasodilation
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blood vessels that transport blood back to the heart
veins
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a serious cardiac arrhythmia in which the contraction of the ventricular tissue is uncoordinated, affecting the heart's ability to pump blood
ventricular fibrillation
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a serious cardiac arrhythmia consistring of three or more consecutive premature ventricular contractions.
ventricular tachycardia
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small vessels that transport blood from the capillaries to the veins and then back to the heart.
venules
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