Racial and Ethnic

A category of human beings with distinctive physical characteristics transmitted by descent, and set in a racialized hierarchy

A group socially distinguished or set apart,
by others or by itself, primarily on the basis of cultural or national-origin
characteristics

institutionalized system of racially oppressive practices

Treatment or consideration based on class or category rather than individual merit; partiality or prejudice

This is the principle that bringing people together who are in conflict (or where one is bullying the other), the conflict will subside as they get to understand one another. The premise of Allport's theory states that under appropriate conditions interpersonal contact is one of the most effective ways to reduce prejudice between majority and minority group members.

A stratification of and substantial inequality among physically distinct groups

The process by which those in the dominant
white group, especially its elites, have defined and constructed certain groups
as being racially inferior or superior for the purposes of societal placement
and of group enrichment, segregation, or oppression

A social group that persons inside or outside the group have decided is important to single out as inferior of superior, typically on the
basis of real or alleged physical characteristics selected subjectively

A group socially distinguished or set apart,
by others or by itself, primarily on the basis of cultural or national-origin
characteristics

A group of people who, because of their physical or cultural characteristics, are singled out from others in the society in which they live for differential and unequal treatment and who therefore regard themselves as objects of collective discrimination

A group of people who, because of their physical or cultural characteristics, are singled out from others in the society in which they live for differential and unequal treatment and who therefore regard themselves as objects of collective discrimination

racial or ethnic group with the greatest power and resources in a society

The “majority group”; racial or ethnic group with the greatest power and resources in a society

Typically includes more than the racist ideology and is an organized set of racial ideas, stereotypes, images, emotions, and inclinations
to discriminate

Defined by Social Psychologist Gordon Allport, “Thinking ill of others without sufficient warrant”. An antipathy based on faulty generalization

Overgeneralization associated with a racial or
ethnic category that goes beyond existing evidence

White beliefs that serious racial discrimination does not exist today and that black Americans in particular are making illegitimate demands for social changes

Racially hostile acts of an individual directed at one or more members of another racial group (ex-Actions of white Klan-type terrorists bombing a black church)

Institutionalized practices that differentially and
negatively affect members of a subordinate racial group (ex- Children of color suffering because of inadequate health care facilities in many cities)

Actions carried out by members of dominant groups, or their representatives, that have a differential and harmful effect on members of subordinate groups

Unequal and harmful treatment of members of subordinate racial and ethnic groups that is obvious to the victim but not as overt as traditional “door-slamming”

Harmful treatment of members of subordinate racial and ethnic groups that is hidden and difficult to document

Both consciously and unconsciously, racism is enforced and maintained by the legal, cultural, religious, educational, economic, political, environmental, and military institutions of societies

A collective movement to establish or improve the legal and political rights of a subordinate racial or ethnic group

For a limited time or in certain places have used racial screening criteria to overcome a small part of the past and present discrimination that targets racially oppressed people

Deflects attention from the large scale patterns of institutionalized discrimination still directed by whites against racially oppressed people

A conceptual framework used to interpret or
explain some aspect of everyday existence

Migration primarily by choice. Also termed “colonization migration”.

The deliberate and systematic extermination of one group by another (ex-Native American societies)

The culture of resistance found among
subordinate groups

A social hierarchy in which men as a group dominate women as a group, especially in terms of socioeconomic power and resources

Assesses how migration across national
boundaries takes place within a highly developed global capitalistic context in which the imperialistic actions of major industrial (core) countries often have (intended or unintended) effects on international migration flows from countries in the periphery. Emphasizes that individual migrants tend to migrate along family and friendship networks. Views immigration as an ongoing process through which ideas, resources, and people change locations and develop meanings in multiple settings.

Racial and ethnic theories that accent patterns of inclusion – the orderly integration and assimilation of particular racial and ethnic groups to a dominant culture

Racial and ethnic theories that accent the persisting and great inequalities in the power and resource distributions associated with
racial or ethnic subordination in a society

The more or less orderly adaptation of a migrating group to the ways and institutions of an established host group

Fundamental societal forces lead to recurring cycles of contact and assimilation in intergroup history. Cycle of contacts, competition, accommodation, and eventual assimilation is apparently progressive and irreversible

Penetration of cliques & associations of core
society at primary group level

A racial or ethnic group that occupies an in-between position in terms of societal power and resources (ex- Korean, Cuban, and
Jewish business people)

The regular interaction of racism and sexism leading to the societal oppression of women of color

What is happening in the immigrant’s home country. (ex- High unemployment or
intergroup hostilities)

A view of ethnicity that emphasizes the relative stability of ethnic population boundaries over
time and the intergroup competition over resources that results from shifts in these boundaries because of migration (–Robert Park)

The sociological theory that, over time, immigrant groups not only come to share cultural traits with the host group but also retain many of their own nationality characteristics

The view that each ethnic group has the democratic right to retain its own cultural heritage without being forced to assimilate to the dominant culture

Immigrants to the U.S. lose their
racial and ethnic identities as they mix together into one new American blend

Change of one group’s important cultural patterns to those of core society

Distinctive social and economic niches in numerous U.S. cities

The white prejudices, stereotypes, emotions, discriminatory practices, and institutions that are integral to the long-term domination of Americans of color

Immigrants attracted by portrayal, accurate or inaccurate, of better conditions

The view of things in which one’s own group is the center of everything and all others are scaled and rated with reference to it

Process in which individuals forget about, minimize, or deny characteristics in themselves by exaggerating them in others

Unjust treatment of one group/person by another on the basis of race alone; a doctrine that one race is superior

Determines who is the majority/dominant group and who are the minority/subordinate groups, not numbers.

An interactionist perspective stating that intergroup contact between people of equal status in noncompetitive circumstances will reduce prejudice

Tendency to transfer responsibility for failure to some vulnerable group rather than accepting the guilt

Type 1: unprejudiced nondiscriminators
Type 2: unprejudiced discriminators
Type 3: prejudiced nondiscriminators
Type 4: prejudiced discriminators

Tendency to approach or withdraw from a [racial] group

When people have a need to control others who are less powerful (like a master-servant mentality).

A tendency to be afraid of or fear people who are perceived to be different from oneself

Is not mutually dependent (can have one w/out the other). Social situation plays an integral role (commitment to one’s beliefs; control). Prejudice and discrimination are not limited to the dominant group (but are most effective for it).

Forceable removal

Made up of, involving, or acting on behalf of various races: a multiracial society.
Having ancestors of several or various races.

When white people still make blatantlyracist commentaries and racist performances, such as racist joking or frequent use of racist epithets, when they are in settings with white friends or relatives.

A historical colloquial term in the United States for the social classification as black of individuals with any African ancestry; it is an example of hypodescent, the automatic assignment of children of a mixed union between different socioeconomic or ethnic groups to the group with the lower status

race examples

ethnic group examples

Concept of race developed by

Darker-skinned people were relegated to the bottom for the following:

Immanuel Kant -- “races of mankind” (1770s)

Social scientists view “race as

Light-skinned “black” with none of the physical traits is regarded as black because an ancestor is known to be of African ancestry

Distinguished based on cultural or national-origin characteristics such as language

Refers to the country and national culture from which the person or the ancestors came

-Saw ethnic groups broadly as “human groups that entertain a subjective belief in their common descent”
-A sense of common ancestry, consciousness of shared experiences and of shared cultural patterns is important in shaping a group’s identity

The shared values, understandings, symbols, and practices of a group of people

Learning racial and ethnic framing begins at a young age and becomes internalized

Characterized by a loyalty to values, beliefs, and members of one’s own group

Externalization function of prejudice

Characterized by a high degree of submission to authority, a tendency to stereotype, great concern for status, a view of the world as threatening, and an intolerance of out-groups that occupy socially subordinate positions

Favoring rigid segregation and extreme stereotypes has largely been replaced by modern racism, which accepts modest racial desegregation but resists large-scale changes for full integration of U.S. society

Key dimensions of discrimination include

Viewed racial prejudice as the whole complex of valuations and beliefs which are behind discriminatory behavior on the part of white Americans

Thought- For some people, discrimination is motivated not by their own prejudices, but by fear of the prejudices of others in their social group

Racism is a system of structural inequalities and a historical process

Racism involves individual discriminators whose specific actions are racist only when they activate existing structural racial inequalities in the system

Harmful action taken intentionally by a member of a dominant racial or ethnic group against members of a subordinate group, without the support of other members of the dominant group in the immediate social or community context

Harmful action taken intentionally by a small number of dominant-group individuals acting in concert against members of subordinate racial and ethnic groups, without the direct support of the norms and of most other dominant group members in the immediate social or community context

Organizationally prescribed or community-prescribed action that by intention has a differential and negative effect on members of subordinate racial and ethnic groups

Dominant-group practices that have a harmful effect on members of subordinate racial and ethnic groups even though the organizational or community-prescribed norms or regulations guiding those actions have been established with no intent to harm

Racialization can be seen as the process by which

The one most important reason why certain selected physical characteristics such as skin color have been used as the basis for distinguishing human groups is

The term 'ethnic group'

A minority group

Well-institutionalized patterns of discrimination that cut across major political, economic, and social organizations in a society can be termed ___.

An organized set of racial ideas, narratives, stereotypes, images, emotions, and inclinations to discriminate is known as

"Modern racism" is characterized by

An early draft of the Declaration of Independence denounced slavery and blamed it on the English king
True False

A stereotype is an overgeneralization associated with a racial or ethnic category that goes beyond existing evidence
True False

Covert discrimination is difficult to document and prove.
True False

In the racial and ethnic stratification system that exists in the United States,

According to the ___ perspective, immigrants to the U. S. lose their racial and ethnic identities as they mix together in one new American blend.

These theorists believe that each ethnic group has the democratic right to retain its own cultural heritage without being forces to assimilate to the dominant culture.

The assertion that ethnicity is a fundamental part of the physiological and psychological self is reflective of the ___ perspective.

According to competition theorists, intergroup conflict and competition is the result of

These theorists place great emphasis on economic stratification, the racial-ethnic hierarchy, and power issues.

Initiation, mechanisms, privileges, maintenance, rationalization, and resistance of oppression are aspects of which social theory?

High unemployment and intergroup hostilities are push factors that can shape both the migration and the outcome of the contact that results from migration.
True False

Genocide is the accidental extermination of one group by another.
True False

Cultural assimilation can be seen as only a two-way process by which two groups change important cultural patterns in order to create one common culture.
True False