bio ch3 vocab.txt

cytoskeletal filaments of eukaryotic cells composed of the protein actin; also refers to the thin filaments of muscle cells.

region on the surface of an enzyme where the substrate binds and where the reaction occurs

use of a plasma membrane carrier protein and energy to move a substance into or out of a cell from lower to higher concentration

requiring oxygen

growing or metabolizing in the absence of oxygen

one of the major theories of biology; states that all organisms are made up of cells and cells come only from preexisting cells.

metabolic reactions that use the energy primarily from carbohydrates but also from fatty acid or amino acid breakdown to produce ATP molecules

central microtubule organizing center of cells. in animal cells, it contains centrioles.

network of fine threads in the nucleus composed of DNA and proteins.

chromatin condensed into a compact structure

short, hair-like projection from the plasma membrane, occurring usually in large numbers.

cycle of reactions in mitochondria that begins with citric acid; it breaks down an acetyl group as CO2, ATP, NADH, and FADH2 are given off; also called the Krebs cycle.

nonprotein organic molecule that aids the action of the enzyme to which it is loosely bound

contents of a cell between the nucleus and the plasma membrane that contains the organelles

internal framework of the cell, consisting of microtubules, actin filaments, and intermediate filaments.

movement of molecules or ions from a region of higher to lower concentration; it requires no energy and stops when the distribution is equal.

passage of electrons along a series of membrane-bound carrier molecules from a higher to lower energy level; the energy released is used for the synthesis of ATP.

a collection of membranous structures involved in transport within the cell

system of membranous saccules and channels in the cytoplasm, often with attached ribosomes.

type of cell that has a membrane-bound nucleus and membranous organelles

use of a plasma membrane carrier to move a substance into or out of a cell from higher to lower concentration; no energy required.

anaerobic breakdown of glucose that results in a gain of two ATP and end products such as alcohol and lactate.

slender, long extension that propels a cell through a fluid medium

model for the plasma membrane based on the changing location and pattern of protein molecules in a fluid phospholipid bilayer

anaerobic breakdown of glucose that results in a gain of two ATP molecules

organelle, consisting of saccules and vesicles, that processes, packages, and distributes molecules about or from the cell

rope-like assemblies of fibrous polypeptides in the cytoskeleton that provide support and strength to cells; so called because they are intermediate in size between actin filaments and microtubules.

membrane-bound vesicle that contains hydrolytic enzymes for digesting macromolecules

all of the chemical reactions that occur in a cell

small cylindrical structure that contains 13 rows of the protein tubulin around an empty central core; present in the cytoplasm, centrioles, cilia, and flagella.

membrane-bound organelle in which ATP molecules are produced during the process of cellular respiration

coenzyme that functions as a carrier of electrons and hydrogen ions, especially in cellular respiration.

double membrane that surrounds the nucleus and is connected to the endoplasmic reticulum; has pores that allow substances to pass between the nucleus and the cytoplasm.

opening in the nuclear envelope that permits the passage of proteins into the nucleus and ribosomal subunits out of the nucleus

dark-staining, spherical body in the cell nucleus that produces ribosomal subunits.

semifluid medium of the nucleus, containing chromatin

membrane-bounded organelle that contains chromosomes and controls the structure and function of the cell

small membranous structure in the cytoplasm having a specific structure and function

diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane

measure of the tendency of water to move across a selectively permeable membrane; visible as an increase in liquid on the side of the membrane with higher solute concentration

process by which amoeboid-type cells engulf large substances, forming an intracellular vacuole

membrane surrounding the cytoplasm that consists of a phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins; functions to regulate the entrance and exit of molecules from the cell

string of ribosomes simultaneously translating regions of the same mRNA strand during protein synthesis

substance that forms as a result of a reaction

type of cell that lacks a membrane-bounded nucleus and organelles

substance that participates in a reaction

RNA and protein in two subunits; site of protein synthesis in the cytoplasm

having degrees of permeability; the cell is impermeable to some substances and allows others to pass through at varying rates.

reactant in a reaction controlled by an enzyme

osmolarity of a solution compared with that of a cell. if the solution is isotonic to the cell, there is no net movement of water; if the solution is hypotonic, the cell gains water; and if the solution is hypertonic, the cell loses water

small, membrane-bounded sac that stores substances within a cell