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The height of the wave is affected by three things
wind speed, wind duration, fetch
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As the wavelength decreases the _______ increases as a waves moves closer to shore
wave height
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what is a wave with decreasing wave length and increasing wave height called
breakers
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What causes breakers to happen
friction between water and ocean bottom
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how often to most places on eath have a high and low tide?
twice a day
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What is a tidal range
The difference between the levels of the high tides and the low tides
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__________ is the bringing of cold water and nutrients to the surface.
upwelling
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what is associated with upwelling
schools of fish
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What causes El nino
Density- warm water blown away from shore
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What are the tow most abundant salts in the ocean
Chlorine and Sodium
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A Measure of salts in the water is
Salinity
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What happens to the salinity of water when the density decreases
Salinity Increases
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The chesapeake Bay is an example of an esturary which is
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where fresh water and ocean water mix
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________ are large streams of moving water which flow through the ocean.
Currents
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What is the major current that flows from the equator past the east coast of the united states?
Gulf Stream
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What causes a current to be warm or cold
where they originate
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What causes currents to curve?
Coriolis Effect
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What direction do currents move in the northern and southern hemispheres
- Northern hemisphere - clockwise
- Southern Hemisphere - counter clockwise
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What technology do scientist use to map the ocean floor
SONAR
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Define Atmosphere
The atmosphere layer of hases and tiny particles that surrounds the earth
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The two major gases in the atmosphere and their percentages
Nitrogen 78% Oxygen 21%
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The gas that varies the most from place to place and time to time is
water vapor
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Name the different instruments used by meteorologists
Themometer, Barometer, Anemeter, Wind Vane, Celiometer
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How does heat travel thought the atmosphere and in what form can this be found
Electromagnetic waves, radiation
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Wind always blows from _______ pressure to _________ low pressure
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What force makes winds curve
Coriolis Effect
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How do winds move in a low pressure system
Moves towards the center and counter clockwise, in the northern hemisphere
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How do winds move in a high pressure system
Wind moves out and away from the center clock wise in the northern hemisphere
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What is a high pressure system associated with
Sunny
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What is a low pressure system associated with
Stormy, and cloudy
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How do clouds form
Warm air rises, cools, water vapor condenses at the lifted condensation level on condensation nuclei
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Define lifted condensation level
base of clouds
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What is a water cycle
Movement of water between air and ground
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What are the major air masses of the United States
Maritime polar, Maritime Tropical, Continental Polar, Continental Tropical, Arctic
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Maritime polar
Wet and cold, northern pacific and atlantic north west and north east
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Maritime Tropical
Wet and hot, southern pacific, atlantic
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Continental Polar
Dry and cold, canada
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Continental Tropical
Dry and hot, mexico
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Arctic
Dry and cold, the north pole
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A funnel shaped cloud that touched earth's surface is called a
Tornado
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Where do tornados form in the U.s. and when?
Tornado alley, in the spring
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the calmest part of a hurricane is
the eye
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what are isopleths
lines that connect equal value
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what are the two different types of isopleths
isobars and isotherms
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what type of lines does an isobar connect
air pressure
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what type of lines do isotherms connect
air temperature
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what are the units for isobars
mb
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what are the units for isotherm
degrees F
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What is the difference between weather and climate
weather is daily and climate is an average intake of 30 years of weather
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What is El Nino
Weather Pattern
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Where does El Nino form
Pacific ocean off east coast of australia
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How often does El Nino occure
3-7 years
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What is the difference in climate on the leeward and windward sides of a mountain
Leeward is desert and windward is wet
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What would cause clouds to form at a mountain
Orographic Lifting
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What is global warming`
rise in global temperatures due to increase in Co2
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What is the difference between rotate and revolve
the earth rotates on its axis and it revolves around the earth
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How long does is take the earth to rotate and revolve
24 hours to rotate and 365.25 days to revolve
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what causes seasons
the earths tilt on its axis and revolution around the earth
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What marks the begining of each season
Vernal equinox, summer solstice, autumnal equinox and winter solstice
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When are the equinox's and solstice's start?
Summer solstice (june 21) winter solstice (dec.21) Vernal Equinox (March 21) Autumnal (Sept.22)
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How much daylight and night time occur on each date
Equinox - 12 day light 12 night
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What is the difference between a lunar and solar eclipse
- Lunar - earth blocks light from sun to moon
- Solar - moon blocks light from sun to earth
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Durring which moon phases do lunar and solar eclipse form
Lunar eclipse form during a full moon and solar eclipse form during a new moon
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Define umbra and penumbra
- umbra - toatl eclipse- no light
- Penumbra - partial eclipse - some light
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What causes the phases of the moon
Revolution of the moon around the earth
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what are the closest and furthest points on the moon's orbit around earth called
Perigee - closest | Furthest is Apogee
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What are the features found on the moon and how did each form
highland - mountains, maria- flat lava, impact craters, objects hit moon from spave rays made from objects hitting moon, rilles valley structures
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how are the moon and earth similar
both have a core mantle, crust, made of silica, mountains, valleys, plains
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how are the earth and moon different
earth is still techtonicall active, earth has less impact craters
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What are the tree theories for the formation of the moon
capture, simultaneaus formation,impact theory
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which is the most accepted theory for moon formation
the impact therory
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what was the name of the first satellite launched into space and from what country did it come
sputnik, russia
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What are the four space programs the United states
Mercury, Gemini, Apollo, Space Shuttle
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Who was the first american to orbit the earth, in which space program did this occur
John Glenn in mercury
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WHich space program landed on the moon
apollo
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Who were the first astronauts to walk on the moon
neil armstrong and Buzz Aldrin
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What is the differnces between heliocentric and geocentirc solar systems
- Heliocentric is sun centered
- Geocentric is earth centered
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Who is credited for the dicovery of the heliocentric and geocentric solar systems
- Heliocentric - copernicus
- Geocentric -Ptolemy
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What is the difference between terrestrial and gas giants
- Terrestrial- 1st 4 planets - small and rocky
- Gass giants -large and gasous
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what are the terrestrial and gasgiant planets
- Terrestrial - mercury, venus, earth, mars
- Gass giants - Jupiter, saturn, uranus, neptune
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how are the inner planets alike
small and rocky
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how are the inner planets different
few moons or no moons
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how are the outer planets alike?
large and made up of gas, has many moons
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How are the outer planets different
rings or no rings
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What is found between the orbits of mars and jupiter
astroid belt
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what are the layers of the sun
Core, photosphere, chromosphere, corona
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Where does nuclear fusion take place
core
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What are the three storms on the sun adn what do they look like
sun spots(black dots), prominence(u shaped thing), solar flares (long stringy things)
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How old is the sun
5 billion years old
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What type of star is the sun
main sequence
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What color star is the sun
yellow
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What does the life cycle of the sun look like
protostar to main sequence to giant to white dwarf to black dwarf
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define meteoroid
meterial that falls to earth and enters the atmosphere
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Define meteorite
lands on earth
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Define meteor
streak of light produced when burning up in the atmosphere
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Define parallax
shift in position caused by movement of observer
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what is a comet
small icy bodies -made of ice and rock
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what is the shape of a comets orbit
highly eccentric
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what is the big band theory
theory for formation of universe
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what are two types of telescopes that use lenses and mirrors
refracting telescopes use lenses, reflecting telescopes use mirrors
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Define light year
distance light travels in one year
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how are stars classified
temperature, brightness, composition
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What is the name of the chart used to classify stars
h-r diagrams
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What are the variables on the H-R diagram
surface temperature, absolute magnitude, spectral types, star types
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All stars begin their lives as
protostars
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What determines how long a star will live
mass
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What is the MIlky way
our galaxy
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what is the elctromagnetic spectrum
Arrangement of electro magnetic radiation
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what are the different types of waves found on the electromagnetic spectrum
radiowaves, infared radiation, visible light, ultra violet, radiation, x- rays, gamma rays
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How are they classified
Wavelength and frequency
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What is the difference between apparent magnitude and absolute magnitude
- apparent is how bright it is from earth
- absolute is the actual brightness af 10pc away
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