pharmbeth1

any substance that can modify a biological activity, used to diagnose, prevent or treat disease

Regulates the development and approval of animal drugs and feed additives (except for biologics such as vaccines) through its center for vet medicine division.

Regulates the development and approval of biologics such as vaccines

Regulates the development and approval of animal topical pesticides

Regulates the laws and rules regarding the purchase, storage and use of controlled substances.

regulated by the FDA. Vet/client/patient relationship must exist before dispensing drugs.

• Vet has assumed responsibility of animal.
• Vet has sufficient knowledge of animal to issue a diagnosis.
• Vet is available for a follow-up exam.

Dangerous drugs because of their potential for abuse. Regulated by the DEA

Reasons for using drugs.

• diagnostic- assesment or exam test
• empirical- practical experience, common sense
• symptomatic- treat clinical signs

treatment plan

what happens to drugs once they enter the body

body chemically changes the drug, occurs in liver

drug elimination from the body, usually by the kidneys

drugs remaining in the animals body

time it takes for a drug to be eliminated from an animal after administration has stopped

how drugs exert their effect. attachment or combination to receptors is similar to lock and key

ability or tendency to attach to receptor

the degree to which drug produces desired respose to the patient

drug with affinity and efficacy, causes a specific action

drug that blocks another drug from combining with a receptor

official identifying name of the drug, lower case

name chosen by manufacturer that is registered by the us patent office and approved by FDA

refers to the force of the contraction of the heart

refers to the rate of contraction of the heart

amount of blood being ejected from L ventricle with each heartbeat. Preload, afterload and contractility

volume of blood entering the right side of the heart

force needed to push blood out of the ventricles

force of ventricular contraction

volume of blood expelled from the heart in one minute. stroke volume x heart rate

acts to slow the heart rate by inhibiting impulse formation at the SA node, triggered by the parasympathetic nervous system. Blocked by anticholinergics

receptors of the parasympathetic nervous system.

acts to speed the heart rate by promoting impulse formation at the SA node, released when sympathetic nervous system is triggered

receptors of the sympathetic nervous system that are classified based on their effects when stimulated.

found in smooth muscle surrounding peripheral blood vessels. Vasoconstriction

found in the synaptic space. reduction of blood pressure.

increased heart rate and increased force of contractions

found in smooth muscle surrounding blood vessels of the heart. vasodilation

reoccuring heart contractions

normal heath rhythm, called this because it originates in the SA node.

abnormal heart rate, SA node not functioning properly

used to increase force of heart contractions, cardiac glycosides and catecholamines. Vetmedin

digoxin....heart pumps harder and heart rate slows, therapeutic dose is very close to toxic dose.

used to treat abnormal heart rhythm or an abnormal electrical pattern

used to dilate arteries and or veins which improves cardiac output

enzyme that activates angiotensin, vasoconstriction substance in blood

active form of angiotensin that causes further vasoconstriction, converted by ACE

converts angiotensin I into angiotensin II and releases aldosterone

enalapril, Enacard, Vetmedin

used to promote the clotting of blood, stop clotting, bleeding or enhance drugs

used to decrease blood pressure to help with renal dysfunction, BLOOD PRESSURE LOWERING DRUGS

increased resistance to blood flow that results from narrowed peripheral blood vessels.

act by promoting sodium and water loss to cause a decrease in fluid volume and blood pressure

act by blocking ACE

act by blocking influx of calcium ions into heart muscle cells, inhibits cardiac muscle contraction which decreases resistance to blood flow

relax smooth muscle of blood vessels

act of heart receptors to slow heart rate

increase volume of urine excreted by kidneys, reduce blood pressure and lowers extracellular fluid volume in tissues

most commonly used. inhibits Na reabsorption and exchanges it for K excretion in the loop of henle. furosemide, Lasix

site of action is at the DCT, more K excreted while Na remains the same. can result in hypokalemia.

works by actually causing Na excretion and potassium conservation, takes place in DCT

block the action of enzymes carbonic anhydrase. causes increased Na, K and bicarbonate excretion

increase the osmolality (concentration) of the filtrate in the renal tubules. excretes Na, K, Cl and H₂O

abnormal mineral accumulations in the urinary system

act to produce acidic urine, disolves struvite uroliths. Less than 7pH

act to produce akaline urine, pH greater than 7

act to decrease production of uric acid

loss of voluntary control of micturition, neurological or nonneurological

used to treat animals with damage to the nerves that control the bladder

act to promote urine retention in the bladder

treats decreased urinary tone of the urethral sphincters

used to treat incontinence due to lack of muscle tone in spayed and neutered animals.

act to increase urethral tone

act to limit spasms of external urethral sphincter

adult and neonate water weight

fluid within the cells. 2/3 body water weight

fluid intravascular and interstitial...1/3 total body water. 75% is interstitial and 25% is intravascular.

substances that split ions when placed in water. Create electrical conductivity in the body.

positivly charged electroytes

negatively charged electrolytes

force or pressure that developes when 2 solutions of different concentrations are separated by a membrane

Na-based electrolyte solution and non-electrolyte solutions that can pass through cell membranes.

higher Na concentration than extracellular fluid that cause water to move out of cells and into extracellular space.

same Na concentration as extracellular fluid. Normosol, LRS

lower Na concentration causes water to move into intracellular space

substances that do not cross cell membranes, enhance oncotic force of blood, used for vascular expansion

whole blood, plasma

Dextrans, Oxyglobin

• 50 ml/day
• kg

• restore fluid loss
• % dehydration x body weight(kg) x 1000ml/kg

15 drops/ml

60 drops/ml