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Ganglion contain
cell bodies
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Cell bodies are found in what three places,
Ganglion, spinal cord, and brain
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Most of the spinal nerves are mixed which means,
They contain motor and sensory nerves
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The somatic cell bodies are located where,
In the CNS
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Somatic neurons are unique in that they contain
1 Neuron (CNS)
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The two brances of the ANS, Parasympathetic and sympathetic contain how many nuerons between the CNS and the target organ
They have two neurons, one is found in the CNS and the other in autonomic ganglia
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What are the only gial cells outside the central nervous system
Schwann cells
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The development of the spinal cord from the embryo is via
Neural tube
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The development of the Sensory nerve fibers and sensory neurons, autonomic ganglia and Schwann cells from the embryo is via
Neural crest cells 
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Most neurons are located within the
CNS, others located in the PNS within the ganglion
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Neurons are different from other cells in that they
Cannot divide
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The different structures and landmarks of the neurons are
- Light Blue structure is the nucleuolus
- White portion is the nucleus
- Blue is the mitochondria
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Soma (Cell body) makes
Protein (nuerotransmitters)
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Nissl bodies are not a part of
The axon at all
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There are many microtubules in the
Axon and the dendrites
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The axon has no machinery to make
Proteins, so they have to be delivered there from the soma (cell body)
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Intermediate filaments for the neurons are called
Neuro filaments, and they are everywhere in the cell
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The movement of proteins from the soma to the axon terminal is called
Anterograde, retrograde is the opposite
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Proteins cannot be produced in the
Axon terminals
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A cell body (soma) contains
Nissl bodies, Axon hillock, Golgi complex, Mitochondria, Inclusions, neurofilaments, microtubules
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Dendrites are
Receptor processes that receive stimuli from other neurons or from the external environment
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Axon
Effector process that transmit stimuli to other neurons or effector cells.
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Each neuron only has one
Axon even though it may have different numbers of dendrites.
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Axon begins at an elevation called the
Axon hillock, where the action potential generated. Can extend for long distance (1m).
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Anterograde
From soma to the axon terminals: slow, intermediate and fast speeds
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Retrograde
From axon terminals to soma
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Microtubule associated proteins (MAPs) are used for what specific movements
Kinesin (for anterograde) Dynein (for retrograde)
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Nissl bodies contain
Ribosomes and rough ER, and they also produce proteins
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A branch from the axon is called a
Collateral branch
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The initial segment is where
The action potentials are produced
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What organelles are found in the interior of an Axon
Smooth ER, mitochondria, microtubules, neurofilaments
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What lies between the presymnaptic and post symnaptic membranes,
A synaptic cleft
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Synapses
is a special cell junction that allows direct communication between cells
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The structure labeled C is
Presynaptic membrane/density
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The four different types of neurons are
- Bipolar
- Pseudounipolar
- Unipolar
- Multipolar
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Motor neurons are found mostly in what portion of the nervous system
The central nervous system, they are sometimes in autonomic ganglia of the PNS
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The dorsal root ganglia contain what type of neurons
Bipolar and Pseudounipolar because they are sensory neurons
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What are Glial (Neuroglial) cells
They are supporting cells for the neurons
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What are the five different glial cell types
- Oligodendrocytes
- Astrocytes
- Microglial
- Ependymal Cells
- Schwann cells
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Oligodendrocytes are found where and perform what function
Only in the CNS, they form myelin sheaths (one can wrap many neurons)
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Astrocytes are found where and perform what function
They are the largest Glial cell found in the CNS, and they scavage ions.
Glial fibrillar acidic protein (GFAP) is unique to astrocytes
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Microglial cells are found where and perform what function
- Scattered throughout the CNS but originate from the bone marrow
- Function: as phagocytes
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Ependymal cells have what characteristic shape and are found where
Low columnar or cuboidal cells, Line the ventricles of the brain and the central canal of the spinal cord.
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Multiple sclerosis (MS) is
A disease affecting myelin; F>M; Believed to be a autoimmune disease; distinguished by episodes of random, multifocal inflammation. Each episode of demyelination may become malignant, and lead to death in a matter of months.
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Schwann cells are a unique glial cell because they are
The only neuroglia that reside in PNS
- They produce myelin
- In PNS, all elements (axons and cell bodies) are ensheathed by Schwann cells.
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Nodes of Ranvier are
Gaps between the myelin sheath along the axon
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Each Schwann cell can only myelinate
One internode of a single axon in PNS
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Schwann cells and nodes of Ranvier are covered by
Basal lamina
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An axon potential jumping from node to node is called
Saltatory conduction
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Unmyelinated axons are surrounded by
A single layer of Schwann cell plasma membrane and cytoplasm of the Schwann cell
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One Schwann cell can envelop
Several Unmyelinated axons
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When voltage-gated Na+ channels are along the entire length of the axon due to unmyelination what happens during a conduction
Impulse propagation occurs by continuous conduction
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Epineurium
An external fibrous coat of dense connective tissue, which also fills the space between the bundles of nerve fibers.
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Endoneurium
Perineurium
Endoneurium
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The structure labeled C is
Perineurium
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Sensory ganglia of the spinal nerves are called
Dorsal root ganglia
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Sensory ganglia
House cell bodies of sensory neurons (Pseudounipolar neurons)
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Autonomic ganglia
House cell bodies of postganglionic autonomic nerves; motor in function (Multipolar neurons)
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Mesaxon:
Innermost and outermost lips schwann cells wrapped around a neuron
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In the brain, the gray matter forms
Outer covering or cortex
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The horns of the spinal cord consist of what matter
Grey matter
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The choroid plexus does what
Produces Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
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Choroid plexus consists of
Invaginated folds of pia mater, rich in capillaries, covered by simple cuboidal or low columnar epithelium
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The venous sinuses are located in the
Dura mater
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The pia mater is completely separated from the underlying neural tissue by
Neuroglial cells
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Blood-Brain Barrier is contributed by
Endothelial cells of the capillaries and their tight junctions
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What molecules can easily enter the BBB
O2, H2O, CO2, and small, lipid-soluble materials, can easily enter
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Cerebral cortex is divided into
Six layers
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Cerebellar cortex histologically has what three layers
- Molecular
- Purkinje
- Granule
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Neurons can not proliferate but can
Repair their axons in PNS
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Astrocytic scar called gliosis is from
A damaged area repaired by the proliferation of astrocytes
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Anterograde degeneration (Wallerian degeneration)
When a nerve fiber is cut or crushed in the peripheral nervous system, the portion that is distal to the cell body degenerates via macrophages. Schwann cells then create a corridor that sprouting nerves from the cell body end will travel through for a new connection
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During Anterograde degeneration, what happens to the muscle that was originally attached
It undergoes atrophy
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