Chapter 10

Stryctural variations of the amino acid tyrosine; thyroxine, epinephrine

• Peptides are short chains
• Insulin , GH , glucagon are proriens; ADH & oxytocin are peptides

Made frm cholesterol; aldosterone, estrogen, testosterone

Stpres hormones produced by hypothalamus : ADH, Oxytocin

Secretionsare regulated by realsing hormones frm thw hypothalmus : GH, TSH, ACTH, Prolactin, FSH, LH

Through Intermediary molecules, IGFs GH increases amino acid transport into cells & increase protien synthesis; increases rate of mitosis; increases use of fats for energy. Stimulus: GHRH frm the hypothalamus

Increases secretion of thyroxine & T3 by the thyroid. Stimulus: TRH from the hypothalmus

Increases secretion of cortisol by the adrenal cortex. Stmulus: PRH ftom hypothalamus

Initiates & maintains milk production by the mammary glands. Stimulus: PRH from the hypothalmus

initates development of ova in ovarian follicles & secretion of estrogen by follicle cells

Inititates sperm development in testes. Stimulus GnRH frm hypothalamus

Stimulates ovulation transforms mature follicle into corpus luteum & stimulates secretion of progesterone

Stimulates secretion of testosterone by the testes. Stimulus: GnRH from hypothalamus

• Produced by thyroid follicles
• Increase use of all food types for energy & increase protien synthesis. Necessary for normal physical, mental, & sexual development. Stimulus : TSH frm the anterior pituitary

Produced by parafollicular cells decrease reabsorbption of calcium level. Stimulus: hypercalcemia

Increases reabsorption of cacium & phosphate by the small intestine; increases reabsorption of calcium & excretion of phosphate by the kidneys & activates vitamin D. Result: raises blood calcium levels. Stimulus: hypocalcemia. Inhibitor: hypercalcemia

Secreted by alpha cells Stimulates liver to change glycogen to glucose; increases use of fats & amino acids for energy. Result: raises blood glucose level. Stimulus: hypoglycemia

• Secreted by beta cells
• Increase use of glucose by cells to produce energy; stimulates liver & muscles to change glucose to glycogen; increases cellular intake of fatty acids & amino acids to use for synthesis of lipids & protiens Result: lowers blood glucose level. Stimulus: hyperglycemia

Inhibits secretion of insulin & glucagon

Stimulates vasoconstriction & raises blood pressure produced in adrenal medulla in stress situations

Increases heart rate & force causes vascoconstriction in skin & viscera & vasodilation in skeletal muscles; dilates bronchioles; slow peristalsis; causes liver to change glycogen to glucose; increases use of fats for energy; increases rate of cell respiration. Stimulus: sympathetic impulses from hypothalamus

Produces mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids and very small amounys of sex hormones

Increase reaborption of sodium & excertion of potassium by the kidneys Results: hydrogen ions are excreted in exchange for sodium; chloride & bicarbonate ions & water follow sodium back to the blood, maintains normal blood pressure. Stimulus: decreased blood pressure. Stimulus: decreased blood potassium; decreased blood volume or blood pressure ( activates the renin-angiotension mechanism of the kidneys)