The passage of a nerve impulse (action potential) along a nerve fiber is called what?
conduction
chemical substance that permits the electrical impulses conducted by the nerve fibers to cross the synapse and stimulate receptors
neurotransmitters
What is the chemical neurotransmitter of the PNS at the effector organ?
Acetylcholine (Ach)
What is the chemical neurotransmitter of the SNS at the effector organ?
norepinephrine (Nor)
in general the chemical neurotransmitter cholinergic nerves release is __________ and adrenergic nerves release ________
acetylcholine (Ach)
norepinephrine (Nor)
What is the neurotransmitter at the neuroeffector junction (effector organ) at the end of the postganglionic fiber in the PNS?
acetylcholine
What is the neurotransmitter at the synaptic junctions between the preganglionic and postganglionic fibers in both the PNS and SNS?
acetylcholine
What is the neurotransmitter at the neuroeffector junction between the preganglionic sympathetic nerve ending and the adrenal medullary secretory cells?
acetylcholine
What is the neurotransmitter at the neuroeffector junction between the postganglionic sympathetic nerve endings and the smooth muscle walls of blood vessels in skeletal muscle?
acetylcholine
What is the neurotransmitter at the postganglionic sympathetic nerve endings in sweat glands innervated by sympathetic cholinergic postganglionic fibers?
acetylcholine
Parasympathetic fibers have ______ perganglionic fibers; sympathetic fibers have _______ preganglionic fibers
long
short
parasympathetic fibers have ________ postganglionic fibers; sympathetic fibers have ______ postganglionic fibers
short
long
the neurotransmitter at the parasympathetic synapse is ________; the neurotransmitter at the sympathetic synapse is _________
Acetylcholine
Acetylocholine
The nerotransmitter at the PNS effector organ is ________; the neurotransmitter at the SNS effector organ is ___________
Acetylcholine
Norepinephrine
parasympathetic and sympathetic fibers ________ have mylenated preganglionic fibers
do
parasympathetic and sympathetic fibers ________ have mylenated postganglionic fibers
don't (they are nonmylenated)
parasympathetic activity leaves the CNS at _______ _______ level; sympathetic activity leaves the CNS at ________ ________ level
cranial sacral
upper lumbar
there are __-__ postganglionic fibers in parasympathetic activity which is a ________ effect; there are __-__ postganlionic fibers in sympathetic activity which is a _______ effect
1-2
local (does not fire as a unit)
1-20
generalized (fires as a unit)
What is the neurotransmitter at the effector organ of the sympathetic nervous system?
Norepinephrine
The pre and postganglionic nerves or fibers are connected by what?
ganglion or synapse
preganglionic fibers in the PNS leave the CNS at the ______ and _______ levels of the spinal cord, along with cranial nerves __, __, __, and __
cranial
sacral
III, VII, IX, X
The vagus nerve has several branches that supply fibers to what 3 structures?
heart
lungs
most abdominal organs
____________ fibers innervate cardiac and smooth muscles, visceral organs, secretory glands, and all neuromscular junctions
parasympathetic
preganglionic fibers in the SNS leave the CNS at the _________ and ____________ levels of the spinal cord
thoracic
upper lumbar
When does the sympathetic nervous system fire a response as a unit with actions occurring in many areas of the body?
during acute stress
Why is the adrenal medulla an exception to general anatomic rules?
because it is part of the SNS, but it's neurotransmitter at the effector organ is acetylcholine
true or false. The adrenal medulla is part of the SNS; it acts as its own postganglionic fiber, so anatomically, no postganglionic fiber exists
true
secretory cells of the adrenal medulla are innervated by a _____________ fiber with ___________ as the neurotransmitter
preganglionic
acetylcholine
What 2 substances does the adrenal medulla secrete into the body?
epinephrine and norepinephrine
Why is nerve innervation by the SNS to skeletal muscles, blood vessels, and sweat glands an exception to the general anatomic rules?
because nerve innervation is accomplished through parasympathetic postganglionic fibers with acetylcholine as the neurotransmitter at the effector organ
When acetylcholine is the neurotransmitter, the fiber is described as ____________
cholinergic
true or false. adrenergic skeltal muscles, blood vessels, and sweat glands are innervated by cholinergic postganglionic fibers. (exception to the rule)
true
The CNS controls the stimulus, and when one division of the ANS is activated, the other is what?
inhibited
True or false. When one division of the ANS is inhibited, the other division can take over and stimulate receptors in that division
