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HEARING
Humans have hearing from 20 Hzà - 17,000 Hz
Dogs 20 Hzà 30,000 Hz Cats 30 Hzà 45,000 Hz (2 octaves higher than a human) Rodents 30 Hzà 80,000 Hz Bats 13,000 Hzà 130,000 Hz - Reptiles 50 Hzà 1500 Hz
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VISION
Dogs see 20-50 and - cats 20-75 to 20-100
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Behind the retina is a mirror like structure which reflects the light back and then can be
detected by the rod.
tapetum lucidum
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Ways to increase stride length:
Shrinking the clavicle - Flexible spines
- Various foot forms
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walking on full foot (humans, bears, raccoons),
good for stability and walking
Plantigrade
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walking on the balls of the foot; increases leg
length which increases stride length (relative to plantigrade) this increases speed but is a little less stable. Cats, dogs, birds. Predators.
Digitigrade
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walking on the tips of toes, increases stride
length even further, increase speed, but less stable. Deer, antelope. Prey animals
Unguligrade
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continues development postnatal. born naked, blind, and helpless. Ex. Kitten, mice, puppies
Altricial young
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somewhat mature at birth, mobile, can
fend for themselves. Ex. Lamb
Precocial young
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fear age
is 8-12 weeks and again at 8-10 months
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how close you can get to an animal before it
flees.
Flight distance
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an individual of a domesticated species that is
no longer integrated into human environment
Feral
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Traits that favor domestication
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5 consequences of domestication
- 1. Neoteny
- 2. Reproductive Efficiency increases: early onset reproduction (puberty), increase cycling & litter size
- 3. Decrease in stress level: stress hormones are decreased,
decrease in the tissue that makes the hormones, smaller adrenal glands4. Decrease in survival skills5. Increased evidence of genetically unfavorable traits
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Attitudes towards Animals
Utilitarian- interest in animals as resources Humanistic- interest as animals as companions Moralistic- interest in animals as moral subjects Naturalistic- interest & concern for wildlife Ecological- interest & concern for wildlife & ecosystems.
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Freedom from - 1. Hunger and thirst
- 2. Discomfort
- 3. pain
- 4. Freedom to express normal behaviors
- 5. Fear and distress
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3 R’s for animal research
Reduction - Refinement
- Replacement
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species that are active at dusk and dawn
Crepuscular
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species that are active at day
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came from 3 that were captured in 1930 in Syria. have large ear with well developed
hearing. Nocturnal, solitary, will bite and claw , can hibernate & drop body temp to 1 degree above room temp. Life span is 2-3 years, need
regular handling
HAMSTERS
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originated in South America (Peru) (used for
food) and brought to Europe in the 16th century. Tailless, social (sets up a hierarchy) , don’t usually bite, natural habitat is grassy
meadows, don’t burrow but will use existing burrows, don’t jump but run well, crepuscular, subject to heat stroke, life span 6-8 years, provoke allergies
(one of the worst for causing allergies),.
GUINEA PIG (CAVY)
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Nocturnal, from Asia, domesticated by the
Chinese and Japanese, do not concentrate urine or conserve water- need lots of water, tend to be docile & only bite if scared, social, if you plan on housing males together you must wean them together. Like places to hide, known or genetic diversity, life span ~ 2 yrs.
MOUSE
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nocturnal, from Central Asia for rat terrier
competitions, drink a lot of water, very adaptable, opportunistic , docile,trainable, social, not nearly as territorial as mice. Very strong, sweat through paws and tails
RATS
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from Mt regions of south america, captivated for their pelts, social, nocturnal, heat sensitive, docile, can project urine w/ accuracy, trainable, 10 yr life span
chinchilla
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illegal in ca, wide tolerance for climate change- bioinvasion, eat seeds, diurnal in the wild, nocturnal in captivity, conserve water, burrowers, highly developed claws, socially monogamous, 2-4 yr life span, can have tail slip.
Gerbil
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domesticated in rome, descendant of the rabbit, very heat sensitive, Not a rodent but a lagamorph, plantigrade, corpuscular, gregarious, territorial, 5-10 yr life span
rabbit
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Name and explain 2 extreme viewpoints associated with human-animal interactions according to Kathleen Morgan/ Notional Animal Interest Alliance
- Animal exploitation- "humans have absolute dominion over animals. Can be used or abused for any purpose."
- Animal Liberation- "animals should not be put to work or to produce for our benefit in any way. Eliminate all types of animal use as well as abuse. Keeping pets is enslavement.
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Canadian ethicist David Sztybel IDs people who use animals as _______
all having some view of 'welfare' and that those people who use animals rationalize the use.
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Operant behavior
behavior controlled by the consequences that arise from executing that behavior. The two recognized consequences are reinforcement or punishment.
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Reinforcement in general, happens ____ with the action of the animal.
simultaneously
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Punishment
usually occurs AFTER the action has occurred
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Bridging stimulus
is often necessary to provide instantaneous positive reinforcement for actions done at a distance
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Counterconditioning
training the animal to respond and execute a behavior that is incompatible with the behavior you don’t like
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What 2 sensory organs must cats have for the righting reflex to work?
- sight
- vestibular apparatus
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Vestigial
greatly reduced, rudimentary or degenerate structure; a structure that is no longer needed in that species so its physical shape is minimized
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Socialization
exposing an animal to all the elements that it will experience in its life; similar to imprinting in allowing the animal to identify what are individuals within its community/living group.
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