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Afrocentrism
a viewpoint emphasizing african culture and its influence on western civilization and US black behavior
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ascribed status
ones socially defined, unchangeable position in society based on such arbitrary factors as age, sex, race
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conflict theory
a macrolevel sociological perspective emphasizing conflict as an important influence and permanent feature of life
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dillingham flaw
any innacurate comparison based on simplistic categorizations and anachronistic judgements
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dominant group
any culturally of physically distinctive social grouping possessing economical, political, and social power and discriminating against a subordinate minority group
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emigration
act of leaving ones country to settle in another
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endogomy
the tendency for people to marry only within their own racial or ethnic group
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exogamy
marriage of outward group
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ethnocentrism
a tendency to judge other cultures of subcultures by the standards of ones own culture
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eurocentrism
a viewpoint emphasizing western civilization, history, literature, and other humanities
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false consciousness
holding attitudes that do not accurately reflect the objective facts of a situation
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functionalist theory
a macrolevel sociological perspective emphasizing societal order and stability, with harmonious interdependant parts
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interactionast theory
microlevel sociological perspective emphasizing the shared interpretations and interaction patterns of everyday life
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latent functions
hidden, unexpected results within a social structure
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manifest fucntions
obvious and intended results within a social structure
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migration
movement of people into and out of a specified area, either within a country or from one country to another
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minority group
a culturally and physically distinctive group that experiences unequal treatment, an ascribed status, and a sense of shared identity and that practices endogamy
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nativists
one who advocates a policy of protecting the interests of native inhabitants against those of immigrants
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outgroup
any group to which an individual does not belong or feel loyal
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racial group
a group of a particular race
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racism
false linkage between biology and sociocultural behavior to assert the superiority of one race
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reference group
a group of which people may or may not belong but to which they refer when evaluating themselves and behavior
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secondary group
a collectivity of people who interact on an impersonal or limited emotional basis for some practical or specific purpose
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social construction of reality
the process by which definitions of reality are socially created, objectified, internalized, and then taken for granted
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social distance
the degree of closeness or remoteness one desires in interaction with members of a particular group
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social positions
where someone fits in in his society
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symbolic interaction
the use of symbols, such as signs, gestures, and language, through which people interact with one another
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acculturation
the process by which a group changes to conform to the host society
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americanization movement
the effort to have ethnic groups quickly give up their cultural traits and adopt to those of the dominant US group
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anglo-conformity
a behavioral adherence to established white protestant prototype, what many ethnocentric american whites mean by assimilation
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assimilation
the process by which members of racial or ethnic minorities are able to function within a society without indicating any marked cultural, social, or personal differences from the people of the majority group
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chain migration
a sequential flow of immigrants to a locality previously settled by friends, relatives, or other compatriots
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cultural migration
a whole cultures migration to an area
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cultural determinism
a theory that a groups culture explains its position in society and its achivements or a lack thereof
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cultural diffusion
the spread of ideas, inventions, and practices from one culture to another
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cultural pluralism
2 or more culturally distinct groups coexisting in relative harmony
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cultural transmission
the passing of a societys culture from one generation to another
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culture
the values, attitudes, customs, beliefs and habits shared by members of a society
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ethclass
a social group classification based on a combination of race, religion, social class, and regional residence
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ethnic stratification
structured inequality of different groups with different access to social rewards as a result of their status in social hierarchy
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ethnic subcultures
ongoing lifestyles and interaction patterns separate from the larger society that are based on religious or other cultural group memberships
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internal colonialism theory
a concept explaining the experiences of blacks, hispanics, and native americans in terms of economic exploitation and rigid stratification
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marital assimilation
a pattern of intermarriage of minority group members with dominant group members, melting pot theory
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nonmaterial culture
abstract human creations and their meanings in life
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occupational mobility
ability to change ones job position with regard to status and economic reward
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parallel social institutions
a subcultural replication of institutions of the larger society, such as churches, schools, and organizations
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paternalism
a condescending treatment of adults, managing and regulating their affairs as a father would handle childrens affairs
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power differential theory
intergroup relations depend on the relative power of the migrant group and indigenous group
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reputational method
a technique for measuring social class by questioning people about others social standing
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structural pluralism
coexistance of racial and ethnic groups in separate subsocieties, also may be divided along social class and regional boundries
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thomas theorem
observation that if people define situations as real, the situations become real in their consequences
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tripe melting pot theory
concept that intermarriage is occuring among various nationalities within the three major religious groupings
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discrimination
differential and unequal treatment of other groups of people, usually along racial and ethnic lines
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cognitive level of prejudice
beliefs and perceptions about other racial or ethnic groups
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emotional levels of prejadice
the feelings aroused in a group by another racial or ethnic group
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jim crow laws
souther state segregation laws
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relative deprivation
a lack of resources or rewards in ones standard of living in comparison with other in the society
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scapegoating
placing blame on others for something that is not their fault
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selective perception
tendency to see or accept only information that agrees with ones values
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stereotype
oversimplified generalization attributing certain traits or characteristics to any person in a group without regard to individual differences
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middleman minorities
a minority group occupying an intermediate occupational position in trade or commerce between the top and bottom strata
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split labor market theory
concept explaining ethnic antagonism on the basis of conflict between higher paid and lower paid labor
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xenophobia
the irrational fear of or contempt for strangers or foreigners
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