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What type of tissue is blood?
Connective Tissue
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What does blood consist of?
Plasma+ cells (erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets)
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What is the difference between plasma and serum?
Serum= plasma- fibrinogen
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What is in plasma?
albumin, and fibrinogen, calcium, potassium, sodium and chloride, and lipids
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Functions of Blood
transport, regulation, and protection/ defence
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Hematopoiesis-
The production of blood cells
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Erythropoiesis-
The production of red blood cells
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Hemoglobin-
The protein in red blood cells that carry oxygen ( 4 hems perglobin so it carries 4 O2 molecules)
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Senescence-
The natural destruction of red blood cells due to age (10% intravascular/ 90% extravascular)
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Leukopoiesis-
The production of leukocytes (white blood cells)
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Granulocytes-
A white blood cell that contains secondary, also known as specific, cytoplasmic granules. 3 types- Neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils
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Agranulocytes-
White blood cell that does not contain secondary granules. 2 types- Lymphocytes and Monocytes
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Diapedesis-
cells squeeze through the endothelium and crawl to site of injury
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Chemotaxis-
chemical distress signal from damaged tissue to WBC’s
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Leukocyte-
White blood cell
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Erythrocyte-
Red blood cell
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Leukocytosis-
Increased number leukocytes of in the blood
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Leukopenia-
Decreased number of leukocytes in the blood
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Neutrophilia-
Increased number neutrophils of in the blood
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Neutropenia-
Decreased number of Neutrophils in the blood
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Eosinophilia-
Increased number of eosinophils in the blood
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Monocytosis-
Increased number of monocytes in the blood
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Lymphocytosis-
Increased number of lymphocytes in the blood
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Lymphopenia-
Decreased number of lymphocytes in the blood
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Polycythemia-
hemoconcentration
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How do you calculate Blood volume?
75mls/kg of lean body weight/ can lose up to 25% before it’s critical
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PVC-
Pack Cell Volume/ the % of whole blood that is made up of RBC’s
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TP-
Total Protein/ fibrinogen, Albumin, and Globulins- normal for most species is 6.0-8.0 g/dl
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Plasma Protein-
Total protein without Fibrinogen
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Fibrinogen-
Made in the liver and is necessary for clotting/ < or = 5% of total protein
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Albumin-
Made in the liver, is important for transport, and helps maintain osmotic pressure/ 30-50% of total protein
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Globulin-
Consists of many different proteins, some are immunoglobulins, IgG, IgA, IgM, IgD, others responsible for binding heme
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Lymphocyte-
WBC, agranulocytic, Non-phagocytic, #1 responder to viruses and cancer, most common in pigs and ruminants, only one not matured in bone marrow, 3 types= t-lymph, b-lymph, and natural killer, Non-specific and Specific immunity
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Monocyte-
WBC, agranulocytic, Macrophages, Responds to Chronic bacterial infections, fugal infections, and foreign material, Largest of WBC’s, accounts for about 5% of WBC’s, helps lymphocytes with specific immunity
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Neutrophil-
WBC, granulocytic, #1 responder to bacteria, most abundant WBC in Cats and dogs, non-staining granules, pink/ light blue cytoplasm, segmented nucleus
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Eosinophil-
WBC, granulocytic, # 1 responder to allergies and parasites, accounts for about 5% of circulating WBC, red staining granules
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Basophil-
WBC, granulocytic, responds to allergic response, least prevalent and understood, heparin and histamine in granules, blue staining granules
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Macrophages-
clean-up crew
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What do all blood cells start out as?
Pluripotent Stem Cells (PPSC)
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Erythropoietin-
Hormone released by Kidney and sent to red bone marrow in response to hypoxia
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Hypoxia-
insufficient levels of oxygen in blood and tissue
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The Spleen-
made of two parts (red and white pulp) that has a giant storage capacity for blood
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Red-pulp-
Blood sinuses in the spleen where large volumes of blood are store and can be released when needed
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White-pulp-
sinuses in the spleen the store white-cells and aid in immunity
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Breakdown the word hemoglobin-
heme= pigment and globin= protein
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What does blood transport?
O2, waste, Thrombocytes, hormones, and blood cells
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What does blood help regulate?
Temp, pH, homeostasis, hydration
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Hemoconcentration-
dehydrationàlow water content in blood
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Hemodilution-
over-hydrationàhigh water content in blood
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How much of the body is blood?
About 7%
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About how much blood can a 4x4 hold?
About 10-15mls soaked
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Reasons for anemia?
Blood loss, hemolysis, RBC destruction, decreased production, decreased hemoglobin, and more
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Where should we draw blood from?
- Cats and dogs- jugular, cephalic, or saphenous
- Equine- jug
- Bovine- jug, tailvein
- Avian- jug, wing vein
- Rabbit- ear vein, cephalic
- Pir- Ear vein, vena cava
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EDTA: where is it and what does it do?
In purple tops, it is an anticoagulant that binds with calcium
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Hemolysis-
destruction of erythrocytes
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Lipemia-
presence of fat material in plasma or serum
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Increase in both PCV and TP=
Dehydration
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Decrease in both PCV and TP=
acute blood loss or hemodilution
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Increased PCV and normal TP=
splenic contraction
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Decrease in PCV and normal TP=
hemolysis/hemolytic anemia or decreased RBC production
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