Bio Lecture ch 22 Vocab

the evolutionary history of relationships among organisms or their genes

• a diagram that portrays a reconstruction of that history
• used to predict the evolutionary history of species, populations, and genes.

any group of species that is designated a name

any taxon that consists of all the evolutionary descendants of a common ancestor

two species that are each other's closest relatives

two clades that are each other's closest relatives

the study and classifications of biodiversity

the complete evolutionary history of life

• any feature inherited from a common ancestor
• may be heritable traits or behavioral traits

a trait found in a group that was already present in the ancestor of that group

a trait found in a descendant that differs from its ancestral form

• Derived traits that are shared among a group of organisms
• are viewed as evidence of of the common ancestry of the group

a phenomenon in which independently evolved traits exposed to similar pressures may become superficially similar

a characteristic may revert from a derived state back to an ancestral state

similar traits generated by convergent and evolutionary reversals

the group of organisms of primary interest

• a point of reference for the ingroup
• ingroup compared to this group

states that the preferred example of observed data is the simplest explanation

method that identifies the tree that most likely produced the observed data

• uses the average rate and which given gene protein accumulates changes to gauge the time of divergence for a particular split in a phylogeny
• made using independent data, fossil record, known times of divergence, or biogeographic dates

a naming system that allows scientists to refer unambiguously same organisms by the same name

A group of closely related species

The taxon above the genus

groups of families

Groups of orders

groups of classes

groups of phyla

the taxon contains an ancestor and all descendants of that ancestor and no other organisms

a group that does not include its common ancestor

a group that does not include all the descendants of a common ancestor