an impairment of speech production or comprehension resulting from brain damage
BLINDSIGHT
a condition due to damage of the primary visual cortex, in which patients claim that they cannot see while they exhibit some residual vision
COMA
a deep state of unconsciousness
DECOMPOSABILITY
the view that cognitive processes can be analyzed into a system of related component functions which in turn can be analyzed into related component functions, etc., until the components are so simple that no further analysis is required; rather, the resulting components can be executed by simple hardware (brain processes or computer logic gates)
EARLY SELECTION
can find a target in the midst of background items based on a superficial analysis
FUNCTIONALISM
the view that mental states are defined by functional relationships and not uniquely identified either with particular neurophysiological states or with particular qualia (the qualitative sensations that constitute subjective experience)
HYPNOSIS
a state of increased suggestibility
IMITATION GAME
a game in which an interrogator tries to determine which of two unobserved persons is a man and which is a woman, solely on the basis of written responses to questions submitted by the interrogator; this game served as a basis for a more general contest, the Turing Test, in which the objective is to distinguish a human from a computer solely on the basis of written questions and responses.
INTENTIONALITY
a feature of mental states by which they are directed toward states of affairs in the world
INTROSPECTIONISM
a German, 19th century school of psychology whose aim was to analyze conscious experience under controlled experimental conditions
INVERTED SPECTRUM THESIS
the view that different individuals, although agreeing with conventions and behavior related to naming colors, could actually be having very different subjective experiences of color
LADY LOVELACE'S OBJECTION
an objection considered by Turing (attributed to Lady Lovelace) against the thesis that computers can think. The objection is that computers can't think because they cannot originate anything but can only do what they are programmed to do
LATE SELECTION
can find a target by processing all of the background information
MEDITATION
an altered form of consciousness, in which attention is focused on the processes of the autonomic nervous system while ignoring the physical environment
MEDIUM INDEPENDENCE
a mental state or process is a functional state, that is, a set of relationships, and that these relationships can be instantiated in a variety of physical substrates. So, a mental state, while requiring some underlying physical substrate, is independent of any one physical substrate
PHI PHENOMENON
an illusion in which two flashing, stationary images appear to move from one point to another under certain conditions. These conditions consist of distance between images, duration of each presented image, and the interval between presentations
QUALIA
the qualitative sensations that constitute subjective experience
SEMANTICS
the study of how language has meaning. In Searle's Chinese Room thought experiment, semantics is defined as the relationship between symbols (words, phrases, etc.) and the things symbolized (objects)
SEARLE'S CHINESE ROOM
a thought experiment designed to show that computers do not and cannot have mental states like understanding, because computers manipulate symbols while having no inkling of what those symbols stand for
SYNTAX
rules that specify what constitute legitimate symbols in a language and how these symbols can grammatically be put together
TURING TEST
a behavioral test of whether a computer can think; a human submits questions to both a computer and a human, at first not knowing which is which; if the interrogator cannot reliably distinguish the two on the basis of responses to questions posed, the computer must be credited with thinking
UNILATERAL NEGLECT
a condition resulting from a lesion of the parietal lobe, in which patients ignore information presented in the left half of their visual field
Positioned at the lowest level of
the consciousness continuum is/are:
C. sleep
When searching for the presence of the target:
C. it is not necessary to fully process the background items
The Stroop Effect involves:
A. a difficulty in naming colors in which words are printed
All of the following are failures of selective attention except:
B. hypnosis
The effects of opium include:
C. relief from pain
Alcohol belongs to:
C. sedative-hypnotic compounds
All of the following are physiological
changes occuring during meditation except the decrease in:
C. alpha waves
According to recent research, which stage of sleep might be associated with consolidation of memories?
B. 1
Recent research on sleep shows that
D. rats, when learning mazes, spend more time in rapid eye movement sleep
Blindsight is an example of a(n)
A. performance without awareness
The Turing Test assumes a connection between intelligence and:
B. behavior
According to Searle, the Chinese Room thought experiment shows that:
D. computers cannot have the mental state of understanding because they cannot relate symbols with the things symbolized
The Robot Reply to Searle's Chinese room thought experiment is that:
C. a computerized robot equipped with sensory input could relate symbol and the thing symbolized
Factors relevant to producing the Phi Phenomenon include all of the following except:
A. brightness of the image
The Time Delay account of the Phi phenomenon emphasizes
D. the delay between brain representation and presentation to consciousness
The Memory Corruption account of the Phi phenomena claims that:
C. initial consciousness of two flashing images reveals no motion, but the experience is immediately stored in memory with a sense of motion added
The Multiple Drafts account of the Phi phenomenon claims that:
D. all of the above
The inverted spectrum thesis claims the possibility of:
a. a light spectrum appearing to be inverted when passing through a prism
b two people having the same subjective experience of a color and yet using different
names for that color
c. two people having the different subjective experiences of a color and yet using the same name for that color
d. people seeing color differently when standing on their heads
c. two people having the different subjective experiences of a color and yet using the same name for that color
According to Introspectionism, consciousness is studied by:
A. describing conscious contents under controlled conditions
Medium Independence is the view that:
D. a given cognitive state could be instantiated in different physical substrates
