-
Where are plasma proteins synthesized?
In the liver
-
Proteins are limited to compartments and exert _______ pressure
oncotic
-
What are the major functions of plasma proteins?? (3)
- 1- transportation
- 2- drug binding
- 3- regulating temperature
-
True or false, mature RBCs do not have a nucleus, mitochondria, or ER.
True
-
Iron ions in the Hb are in the ________ state
reduced ferrous (Fe2+)
-
RBCs are produced in:
First trimester?
Second trimester?
Thrid trimester?
~5yrs?
~20 yrs?
- 1- yolk sac
- 2- liver,spleen, lymph nodes
- 3- bone marrow
- 4- tibia, humerus
- 5- sternum, vertebrae, ribs
-
RBC growth/reproduction are controlled by?
Growth inducers (IL-3)
-
What stimulates RBC production? (2)
- 1- any decrease in O2 (hypoxia)
- 2- erythropoietin
-
Where is erythropoietin formed?
Mainly the kidneys and some in the liver
-
True or false, adult Hb has a higher affinity for oxygen than fetal Hb.
False, fetal Hb requires a higher affinity for oxygen than adult Hb
-
What 2 vitamins are required for DNA synthesis in Hb?
- 1- Folic acid
- 2- Vitamin B12
-
Fe2+ in each heme group binds to how many O2?
only 1, BUT 1 Hb binds to 4O2 (heteroTETRAmeric)
-
Oxygen binds to Hb in ____levels in the lungs and releases in ____levels in the tissues
high
low
-
____% of total body iron is bound to Hb
____% of total body iron is stored in the liver bound to ferritin
65%
30%
-
Iron enters the ______ in the RBC where it is synthesized into ______ and released as free iron
mitochondria
heme
-
What is the role of transferrin?
It TRANSFERS iron from the GI tract to erythrocyte membranes in the bone marrow where it is endocytosed
-
RBCs ____ in the spleen then they squeeze through the ________
rupture
recticular mesh (aka red pulp)
-
What phagocytizes Hb?
macrophages in the spleen & bone marrow
AND
kupffer cells in the liver
-
Anemia is the deficiency of Hb to carry O2 by? (2 things)
decreased RBC production
decreased Hb in RBCs
-
What causes sickle-cell anemia?
An amino acid change in the Hb causing the Hb to crystalize
-
What 2 types of anemia are caused by vitamin deficiencies?
Pernicious anemia (B-12 not absorbed right)
Sprue (lack of B-12 and folic acid)
-
What is clot retraction?
Shrinking of a blood clot over a number of days that depends on the release of coagulation factors
-
What is the role of PGI2 in platelet aggregation?
It inhibits platelet aggregation
It is released by UNDAMAGED tissue
-
What is the role of TXA2 in platelet aggregation?
It is released by DAMAGED tissue to induce aggregation
-
Calcium is required at which steps in the clotting cascade?
- Factor 9 --> 9a
- Factor 10 --> 10a
- Prothrombin (2) ---> Thrombin (2a)
- Fibrinogen monomer --> Fibrin (1a)
-
What are the 3 essential steps in the clotting cascade?
- 1-trauma
- 2- conversion of prothrombin to thrombin
- 3- conversion of thrombin to fibrinogen to insoluble fibrin
-
Which pathway in the clotting cascade is the fasest?
Extrinsic, it goes from factor 7 --> 10
-
Which pathway in the clotting cascade has positive feedback?
Intrinsic
-
Calcium removal can ______ clotting, especially calcium citrate and calcium oxalate.
prevent
-
What does activated protein C inhibit?
Factor 8a and 5a
-
What inactivates heparin?
Heparinase
-
What cells secrete heparin?
Mast cells and basophils
-
What is the role of plasmin in clot removal?
Plasmin breaks down fibrin into soluble fibrin fragments
Plasmin is activated via tissue plasminogen activators (t-PA)
-
A vitamin k deficiency affects the synthesis of what?
- Prothrombin (2)
- Factors 7, 9, and 10
-
Hemophilia is caused by a deficiency in what factor(s)?
- 85% is factor 8
- 15% is factor 9
-
What are the 2 main causes for inappropriate clotting?
- 1- AP (athrostatic plaque)
- 2- slow moving blood
-
How does Coumadin (warfarin) prevent clotting?
It decreases levels of Factors 7, 9, 10 and compete with vitamin K
-
How does cerumen (ear wax) function in pathogen defense?
It traps dust and repels insects
-
What do sebaceous glands contain?
lactic acid and fatty acid
-
How do nose hairs function in pathogen defense?
They filter and warm the air
-
True or false, vaginal secretions after menstruation become more basic.
false, they become more ACIDIC
-
Blood draining through the GI tract filters through the ______.
Liver (full of immune cells)
-
What enzyme in mother's milk transfers antibodies from mother to child?
Lactoperoxidase
-
What 2 mechanisims prevent pathogen invasion?
Phagocytosis (inate)
Antibodies (aquired)
-
Monocytes turn into ______ in the tissues.
Macrophages
-
________ and _______ move via chemotaxis and phagocytize.
Granulocytes
Monocytes
-
Which granulocytes have multi-lobed nuclei?
Neutrophils
Eosinophils & basophils have bi-lobed nuclei
-
Lymphocytes enter the blood through the lymph via _______.
diapedesis
-
Which WBC is able to phagocytize more bacteria a neutrophil or a macrophage?
A macrophage ~100 bacteria and is larger
A neutrophil ~3-20 bacteria
-
What is margination?
Is when the adhesion molecules tether the neutrophils to the surface near the infection allowing for diapedesis.
-
What is the role of integrin in margination?
It is the adhesion molecule that stabilizes neutrophil binding allowin diapedesis
-
What are the 5 substances responsible for inflammation?
TNF, IL-1, GM-CSF (granulocytes/monocytes), G-SCF (granulocytes), M-CSF (monocytes)
-
What are interferons?
They are cytokines that inhibit viral replication in host cells
-
Eosinophils are made in response to ______ infections and are attracted through chemotaxis via _____________
parasitic
eosinophil chemotactic factor
-
Basophils bind to _____ antibodies triggering release of _______, _________, __________, and _________ enzymes
- IgE
- histamine
- bradykinin
- serotonin
- lysosomal
-
What is leukopenia?
Cancerous mutations of WBC precursors that result in uncontrolled WBC production
-
How do eosinophils kill?
Via hydrolytic enzymes and ROS's
-
Aquired immunity is mediated via which 2 lymphocytes?
B-lymphocytes
T-lymphocyes
-
How to t-lymphocytes work?
they attack antigenic material directly (cell-mediated immunity)
-
Where do t-lymphocytes migrate to for maturation?
the Thymus
-
Where are b-lymphocytes made?
Before birth- in the liver
After birth- bone marrow
-
B-lymphocytes bind to what?
surface-expressed antibodies
-
T-lymphocytes bind to what?
surface receptor proteins
-
What is the role of macrophages in lymphocyte activation?
They present antigenic material directly via cell-to-cell contact (APC complex)
secrete IL-1 that promotes production of lymphocyte clones
-
Helper cells secrete _______ after activation via _____ which enhances activation of ___-lymphocytes
-
What happens to the b-lymphocytes that do not become plasma cells?
They remain dormant until activated via a specific antigen (memory cells)
-
Immunization prepares the immune system for ______ response
second degree
-
Antibodies are ____ ______ called immunoglobulin
gamma globulins
-
Which portion of the antibody determines antigenic specificiy?
The heavy chain variable portion
-
Which 2 types of antibodies are the most important against bacteria & viruses?
IgG and IgM
-
Which antibody is involved in allergic reactions?
IgE
-
What are the 5 classes of antibodies?
-
What is agglutination in antibody action?
When large invaders become bound via antibodies into a clump
-
What is antibody lysis?
When the antibody ruptures the cell membrane
-
What is antibody neutralization?
When the antibody covers and inactivates toxic sites on the invader
-
Which factors in the complement system form the MAC attack complex (lytic complex)?
C5b, 6, 7, 8, and 9
-
What triggers the complement system cascade?
The stem portion of the antibody binds to C1 and triggers the cascade
-
Which complement factor causes chemotaxis of neutrophils and macrophages?
C5a
-
Which complement factors activate mast cells and basophils?
C3a, C4a, and C5a
-
What is the only function of dendritic cells?
antigen presentation via adhesion molecules
-
Where is MHC-1 found and how does it function?
On all nucleated cells
Presents antigens to cytoxic t-lymphocytes
-
Where is MHC-2 found and how does it function?
only found on APCs
presents to helper-t cells
-
What are the 4 type sof t-lymphocytes?
- Helper
- Cytotoxic
- Suppressor
- NK (Natural Killer)
-
Which type of lymphocytes does AIDS affect?
Helper-T cells
-
Which type of lymphocytes attack transplanted tissues? (kideny transplant)
Cytotoxic T-cells
-
True or false, MHCs are involed in presenting antigens to NK cells.
False, NK cells are NOT antigen specific
-
What is the function of Helper T-cells? (3)
- 1- activation of suppressor and cytotoxic cells
- 2- stimulation of b-lymphocyte growth
- 3- differentiation into plasma cells
-
What is passive immunity?
Injection of antibodies produced from another source or specifically activated t-lymphocytes or both
-
Which cells function in anaphylaxis?
Eosinophils and mast cells
-
What is a xenograft?
transplantation between different species
-
What is the most common type of transplantation?
Allograft (between same species)
-
How do cortisollglucocorticoids function?
They supress growth of lymphoid tissues and decrease formation of lymphocytes
-
What is the only combination that is Rh+?
D, all other are Rh- (C, E, c, d, e)
-
What is erythroblastis fetalis?
When the mother Rh+ has and Rh- baby
-
What causes jaundice?
hemolyzed RBCs result in Hb recycling and bilirubin production which causes the skin discoloration
-
What is opsonization?
When the bactrium is "marked" for phagocytosis
-
The AB blood group possesses:
_____antigen(s)
_____antibody(s)
BOTH antigens
NO antibodies**THIS EXPLAINS UNIVERSAL RECIPIENTS
-
The O blood group possesses:
_____antigen(s)
_____antibody(s)
NO antigens **THIS EXPLAINS UNIVERSAL DONOR
BOTH antibodies (Anti-A & Anti-B)
-
The A blood group possesses:
_____antigen(s)
_____antibody(s)
A antigen
B antibody(anti-B)
-
The B blood group possesses:
____ antigen(s)
____ antibody(s)
B antigens
A antibodies(anti-A)
-
What do the platelets adhere to during plug formation?
Collagen and von willbrand factor
-
What are platelets formed from?
They are fragments of megakaryocytes
-
How are platelets removed?
Via macrophages in the spleen (phagocytosis)
-
Explain the positive feedback loop during platelet plug formation.
The platelets secrete ADP and TXA2 which activate other platelets to come to site of injury
-
What is blocked by Plavix?
ADP
-
How do LMW heparins work?
Increase the action of AT3 ON 10a but NOT on THROMBIN(2a)
-
How does heparin work? (2)
It increases the INACTIVATION of thrombin(2A)
It acts with AT3 to affect 10a
-
What is the alternate complement pathway?
Activated without antibodies and is non-specific
C3b connects bacteria for opsonization
-
What is significant about Factor 5?
It is inactive and thrombin feeds back in the positive feedback loop to speed clotting
|
|
