Anatomy/Phys Exam 1

• towards the back
• away from the belly

• towards the front
• toward belly side

away from the midline

towards the midline

example ears are lateral to the eyes

• towards the head/cranium
• example nose is cranial to the lips

• towards tail
• example navel is caudal to the nose

towards upper part of body

towards lower part of body

• at or near the body surface
• example scratch

• away from the surface
• towards core of body

towards the root of free extremity or towards body

away from the root of free extremety or away from the body

• 1. Frontal / Coronal Plane : divide body into anterior and posterior
• 2. Median / Saggital Plane : Gives left half and right half
• 3. Transverse / Horizontal Plane : divide into superior and inferior (upper / lower )

• 1. Epithelial
• 2. Connective
• 3. Muscular
• 4. Nervous
• 5. Vascular

• sheet covering external surface of body, lining tubes and passageways to exterior, and interior body cavities
• functions include protection, secretion, sensation, absorption
• three types of epithelial
• 1. proper: outer, continuous, skin, mucus
• 2. mesothelial: smooth slippery lining
• 3. endothelial: lines blood vessels / lymph vessels

• connects or binds structures together
• supports body
• aids in body maintenance
• three types of connective
• 1.Loose
• 2. Dense
• 3. Special

• extensively distributed
• binds parts together
• two types of loose connective tissue
• 1.ariolar : form bed that epithelial sits on
• 2. adispose tissue: fat cells

• may be fibrous or elastic
• tendons, aponeuroses, ligament, fascia
• two types of dense
• 1.fibrous : tendon, aponeuroses,
• 2. elastic : ligament , fascia

• structural role
• cartilage and bone
• forms skeleton
• three types of cartilige
• 1. Hyaline: tough, protects bone, can lose through arthritis, forms lower respiratory system,
• 2. Elastic: rubbery, flexible, all are involved in production and perception of sound
• 3. Fibrous: seen in joints

• the way we connect muscle to bone, bone to cartilage, sometimes muscle to muscle
• piece of rope
• non elastic
• always associated with muscle
• example achilles tendon

• if you roll out tendon you get this
• sheet of tendon
• used to connect muscle to parts of origin or insertion of muscle
• supports
• tough fibrous sheet of tendon
• example abdominal aponeurosis is a sheet of tendon that keeps everything in place from ribs to pubic bone

• elastic
• use to attach skeletal structures bone to bone, bone to cartilage, cartilage to cartilage
• holds joints in place

• all the rest, associated with muscle and more with tendons than ligaments
• organizes muscles to functional units
• separates muscle from skin
• organizational layer (neck fascia)

• spine, rib cage, skull hyoid bone
• central

• appendages
• shoulders arms legs hips feet

• condyle: a rounded knuckle like projection
• crest: prominant ridge
• head: enlargement at 1 end of the bone
• process: boney prominance
• spine: sharp projection
• tubercle: small rounded projection
• tuberosity: large rounded projection

• fissure: cleft or deep groove (eye socket)
• foramen: whole or opening in bone
• fossa: pit or hallow
• sulcus: groove or furrow
• meatus; tube or passageway (ear canal)
• sinus: cavity within bone
• three types of sinus
• frontal sinus: above eyes, cave
• ethnoid sinus: sidewalls of nasal passages
• maxillary sinus: under eyes, hollow

• skeletal bones functionally connected at articulations or joints
• three types of joints
• 1. synarthroidial: immoveable, fibrous
• 2. amphiarthroidial: yielding, carilagenous, some movement
• 3. diarthroidial: moveable

• immoveable
• bones almost in direct contact
• suture = immoveable joint
• examples skull structures, teeth

• all cartilagneous connections
• allows some movement
• allows for cpr
• examples ribs to sternum vertebra pubic

• rotate up down through every axis
• ball and socket
• ribs to vertebra
• shoulders
• get movement around these joints through muscle contractions

• highly specialized cells
• elongated cells
• irritable, stimulate and it changes
• responds to stimulation
• basic unit is neuron

• performs mechanical work by contracting
• wants to bring 2 ends together
• responsible for all voluntary and much of our involuntary behavior
• 3 types
• 1. smooth: involuntary muscle, not under our control (bodily functions)
• 2. striated: skeleton, attached muscle, voluntary control
• 3. cardiac: combo of first two found in heart

• muscle typically has two attachments
• 1. origin: attachment that is fixed or moves less
• 2. insertion: structure being acted upon or moved via contraction

• typically produced movement
• act on joint lying between origin and insertion
• muscle and joint that it acts upon form lever system
• disadvantage: you need more force / muscle mass

• lever system: muscle is force arm, folcrum is joint, resistance arm is load, lengths of these arms are how far away the joint is
• force arm longer than resistance arm is advantage

• may operate with mechanical advantage or disadvantage
• power lost, but range and speed of movement gained

advantage: force arm > resistance arm, small applied force will move large resistive force (load )

disadvantage: force arm < resistance arm, large applied force required to overcome small resistance force (load)

• always operate with a mechanical advantage
• example, opening jaw against resistance
• folcrum at one end, load center
• like a wheel barrel

• always operate with disadvantage
• power lost but speed of movement gained
• example arm flexion

two muscles help each other

muscles work opposite each other

move away from the body

move towards the body

Fluid tissues such as blood or lymph

• two or more tissues combined together to exhibit functional unity
• kidney

• two or more organs combine to exhibit functional unity
• 5 systems we need to know
• skeletal
• articulator
• muscular
• nervous
• respiratory

• particular area of body perhaps containing more than one organ and / or system
• head and neck
• thorasic

• CNS: brain and spinal cord
• PNS: cranial and spinal nerves

• spinal nerves: exit from spinal cord and are everywhere (two types)
• 1. afferent nerves carry sensory info to CNS
• 2. efferent nerves carry motor commands away from CNS
• cranial nerves: mostly head and neck

• all living cells are polarized = electrical potential
• maintain small difference in electrical potential across cell membrane
• unlike other living cells, neuron can alter polarization for a brief period of time
• four substances to electric potentials: Na, Cl, K, Anions

• connection of two neurons
• termination of axon of one neuron connected to dendrite of another
• junction
• post synaptic membrane: dendrite on next neuron
• neurotransmitter crosses synapse to post synapic membrane
• NT releases substance in dendrite called post synaptic potential (voltage change in next dendrite)
• Excitatory or inhibitory (EPSP/ IPSP)

• depolarization within dendritic zone referred to as EPSP
• EPSP travels through dendrite
• reaches axon hillock (spike generator)
• if EPSP exceeds generator threshold, AP generated that travels along axon
• all or nothing

• speed of transmission depends on size of fiber
• bigger fiber = faster
• myelinated = faster
• ap jumps to nodes of ranvier

• myelinated nerve fibers covered by non continuous myelin sheath
• discontinuities = nodes

• body movements carried out by coordinated contractions of muscles
• all muscle tissue shares common property of contractibility

• number of muscle fibers innervated by single motor neuron
• 1:1 = more control
• gross control is larger

array of one motor neuron and its muscle fibers

junction of final motor neuron and muscle fiber

• action potential that spreads along muscle fiber
• transmission of MAP is slower than regular neuronal AP