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Degeneration
(definition)
reversible retrogressive state in which cells/tissues adjust to sublethal conditions and demonstrate corresponding (gradation) losses of function, altered metabolism, and morphological changes
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Degeneration
(occurrence)
depends on type
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Degeneration
(cause)
sublethal injury to cells/tissues
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Degeneration
(gross appearance)
- larger than normal (swollen)
- paler than normal
- softer than normal
- heavier than normal
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Degeneration
(microscopic appearance)
- swollen cells
- intact nuclei
- intact cell membranes (loss of luxury functions)
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Acute Cellular Swelling (Hydropic Degeneration)
(definition)
accumulation of intracellular water
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Acute Cellular Swelling (Hydropic Degeneration)
(occurrence)
all tissues - especially liver/kidney, skeletal muscle, epithelia
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Acute Cellular Swelling (Hydropic Degeneration)
(cause)
disruption of cellular ATP (disruption of N-K ATPase pump)
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Acute Cellular Swelling (Hydropic Degeneration)
(gross appearance)
- swollen
- wet
- heavy
- grayish color
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Acute Cellular Swelling (Hydropic Degeneration)
(microscopic appearance)
- swollen cells
- increased cytoplasmic granularity
- cytoplasmic water spaces indistinct/irregular
- nuclei displaced to periphery (unaffected)
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Fatty Degeneration
(definition)
accumulation of triglycerides in non-adipose cells
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Fatty Degeneration
(occurrence)
liver, kidney, skeletal/cardiac muscle
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Fatty Degeneration
(cause)
- dietary
- fat mobilization disease
- hepatic disease
- hypoxia
- toxins
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Fatty Degeneration
(gross appearance)
- swollen
- pale
- friable
- greasy
- yellow
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Fatty Degeneration
(microscopic appearance)
- cytoplasmic vacuoles with clear margins
- remaining cytoplasm/organelles displaced - eosinophilic
- nuclei displaced by lipid droplets
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Myxomatous Degeneration
(definition)
accumulation of extracellular proteinic material (resembles embryonic CT)
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Myxomatous Degeneration
(occurrence)
adipose and connective tissue
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Myxomatous Degeneration
(cause)
- starvation
- malnutrition
- wasting
- chronic inflammation
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Myxomatous Degeneration
(gross appearance)
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Myxomatous Degeneration
(microscopic appearance)
looks like fetal CT (mesenchyme)
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Hyaline Degeneration
(definition)
accumulation and denaturation of cytoplasmic proteins
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Hyaline Degeneration
(occurrence)
connective tissue smooth muscle, epithelia, skeletal muscle (Zenker's necrosis)
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Hyaline Degeneration
(cause)
buildup and coagulation of protein
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Hyaline Degeneration
(microscopic appearance)
- CT and smooth muscle - collagen condenses into extracellular, eosinophilic structureless proteinic material
- Epithelia - eosinophilic droplets in cytoplasm (often w/hydropic degeneration); PAS +
- Skeletal muscle - densely eosinophilic amorphous material in sarcoplasm (often w/hydropic, fatty degeneration)
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Autolysis
(definition)
disintigration of tissues following somatic death
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Autolysis
(occurrence)
all tissues
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Autolysis
(cause)
Anoxia causing rupture of lysosomes with enzymatic self-digestions and invasion of proteolytic microbes
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Autolysis
(gross appearance)
- progressive deterioration of tissues
- coagulation (pools on down-side)
- discoloration
- gas/odor
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Autolysis
(microscopic appearance)
- diffuse change
- loss of nuclear and cellular function
- microbes without inflammatory response
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