-
amniocentesis
-is a special prenatal test given to some pregnant women to test for birth defects.
-is a test during pregnancy that removes a small amount of fluid from the sac around the baby to look for birth defects and chromosome problems.
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amniotic fluid
am-ni-ot-ic [am-nee-ot-ik]
-is a clear, slightly yellowish liquid that surrounds the unborn baby (fetus) during pregnancy.
-or liquor amnii is the nourishing and protecting liquid contained by the amniotic sac of a pregnant woman.
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endocervicitis
-is an inflammatory condition infecting the endometrium (mucous lining) of the uterine cervical canal.
-Inflammation of the mucous membrane of the uterine.
-inflammation of the lining of the uterine cervix
-
chorionic
cho-ri-on-ic [kawr-ee-on-nik]
-of, relating to, or being part of the chorion.
-the outermost of the two membranes that completely envelop a fetus
-
colposcopy
col-pos-co-py [kol-pos-kuh-pee]
-is a common gynecology follow-up for abnormal Pap smears.
-is a way for your doctor to use a special magnifying device to look at your vulva, vagina, and cervix.
-
culdocentesis
-is a procedure that checks for abnormal fluid in the space just behind the vagina (cul-de-sac).
- -is a procedure in which peritoneal fluid is obtained from the cul-de-sac(behind the vagina) of a female
- patient.
-refers to the extraction of fluid from the rectouterine pouch posterior to the vagina through a needle.
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episiotomy
e-pi-si-ot-o-my [uh-pee-zee-ot-uh-mee]
-is a surgical incision through the perineum made to enlarge the vagina and assist childbirth.
-procedure where an incision is made between the vagina and anus to assist in vaginal birth.(This area is called the perineum.)
-
galactorrhea
ga-lac-tor-rhea-a [guh-lak-tuh-ree-uh]
-or galactorrhoea is the spontaneous flow of milk from the breast, unassociated with childbirth or nursing.
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gynecomastia
gyn-e-co-mas-ti-a [jin-i-koh-mas-tee-uh]
-is the development of abnormally large breasts in males. It is related to the excess growth of breast tissue
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hysterectomy
-is an operation to remove a woman's uterus. The uterus is the place where a baby grows when a woman is pregnant.
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hysteroscopy
-is a thin telescope that is inserted through the cervix into the uterus.
-is the inspection of the uterine cavity by endoscopy with access through the cervix.
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lactation
-the secretion of milk from the mammary glands, the process of providing that milk to the young, and the period of time that a mother lactates to feed her young.
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mammary
-pertaining to the mammary gland, or breast.
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mammoplasty
-or mammaplasty can refer to the surgical procedure to insert cheek implants or augmentation mammoplasty, an enlarging of the breasts via implants.
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mastitis
-is the inflammation of breast tissue.
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mastectomy
-the surgical removal of one or both breasts, partially or completely.
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amenorrhea
-is the absence of menstrual bleeding and may be primary or secondary.
-# Primary amenorrhea is the absence of menstrual bleeding and secondary sexual characteristics (for example, breast development and pubic hair) in a girl by age 14 years or the absence of menstrual bleeding with normal development of secondary sexual characteristics in a girl by age 16 years.
-Secondary amenorrhea is the absence of menstrual bleeding in awoman who had been menstruating but later stops menstruating for 3 or more months in the absence of pregnancy, lactation (the ability to breastfeed), cycle suppression with systemic hormonal contraceptive (birth control) pills, or menopause.
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dysmenorrhea
-painful menstruation.
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oligomenorrhea
ol-i-go-men-or-rhe-a [ol-i-goh-men-uh-ree-uh]
-(or oligomenorrhoea)-is infrequent (or, in occasional usage, very light) menstruation.
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menorrhagia
men-or-rha-gi-a [men-uh-rey-jee-uh]
-is an abnormally heavy and prolonged menstrual period at regular intervals.
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metrorrhagia
me-tror-rha-gi-a [mee-truh-rey-jee-uh]
-is uterine bleeding at irregular intervals, particularly between the expected menstrual periods.
-can be defined as 'off schedule' bleeding.
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menometrorrhagia
-is a condition in which prolonged or excessive uterine bleeding occurs irregularly and more frequently than normal.
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myometrium
-is the middle layer of the uterine wall consisting of smooth muscle cells and supporting stromal and vascular tissue.
-The muscular outer layer of the uterus.
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myomectomy
my-o-mec-to-my [mahy-uh-mek-tuh-mee]
-sometimes also fibroidectomy, refers to the surgical removal of uterine leiomyomas, also known as fibroids.
-is the surgical removal of fibroids from the uterus. It allows the uterus to be left in place and preserves fertility.
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neonatal
-Of or relating to newborn infants or an infant.
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obstetrics
ob-stet-rics [uh b-ste-triks]
-is the surgical specialty dealing with the care of women and their children during pregnancy.
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oogenesis
o-o-gen-e-sis [oh-uh-jen-uh-sis]
-or oögenesis is the creation of an ovum (egg cell). It is the female form of gametogenesis. The male equivalent is spermatogenesis.
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oocyte
o-o-cyte [oh-uh-sahyt]
- -or ovocyte, or rarely ocyte, is a female gametocyte or germ cell involved in reproduction.
- -an egg before maturation
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oophorectomy
- -is the surgical removal of an ovary or ovaries.
- -The surgery is also called ovariectomy
-
ovum
-(plural ova, from the Latin word ovum meaning egg or egg cell)
-is a haploid female reproductive cell or gamete.
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ovarian
-is an ovum-producing reproductive organ, often found in pairs as part of the vertebrate female reproductive system.
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anovulatory
an-ov-u-la-to-ry [an-ov-yuh-luh-tohr-ee]
-An anovulatory cycle is a menstrual cycle during which the ovaries do not release an oocyte. Therefore, ovulation does not take place.
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perineorrhaphy
-suture of the perineum. -is the surgical repair of the perineum, usually after an episiotomy has been made to assist the delivery of a baby
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oophoritis
-is an inflammation of the ovaries.
-It is often seen in combination with salpingitis (inflammation of the fallopian tubes).
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salpingectomy
sal-pin-gec-to-my [sal-pin-jek-tuh-mee]
-is the removal of one or both of a woman's fallopian tubes, the tubes through which an egg travels from the ovary to the uterus.
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uterine prolapse
-is falling or sliding of the uterus from its normal position in the pelvic cavity into the vaginal canal.
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vaginal orifice
or-i-fice [awr-uh-fis]
-is a median slit below and behind the opening of the urethra; its size varies inversely with that of the hymen.
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vaginitis
-is an inflammation of the vagina.
-It can result in discharge, itching and pain, and is often associated with an irritation or infection of the vulva.
-It is usually due to infection.
-The most common types of vaginitis are yeast infections, bacterial vaginosis, trichomoniasis.
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vulvovaginitis
vul-vo-vag-i-ni-tis [vuhl-voh-vaj-uh-nahy-tis]
-is inflammation or infection of the vulva and vagina.
-is an inflammation of all or part of the external vulva (labia majora, labia minora, clitoris, and/or entrance to the vagina) and the vagina.
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menarche
men-ar-che [muh-nahr-kee]
-is the first menstrual cycle, or first menstrual bleeding, in female human beings.
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pseudocyesis
pseu-do-cy-e-sis [soo-doh-sahy-ee-sis]
-or false pregnancy, involves a constellation of symptoms that fool women and doctors alike.
-
primigravida
pri-mi-grav-i-da [prahy-mi-grav-i-duh]
-or gravida 1 is a woman who is pregnant for the first time.
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primiparous
- -A woman who is pregnant for the first time.
- -OR-
- Bearing young for the first time.
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leukorrhea
-a thick, whitish or yellowish vaginal discharge. -or vaginal discharge during pregnancy.
-Leukorrhea is caused by increased secretions from thevaginal walls and cervical glands.
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menorrhea
-The flow of blood at menstruation.
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pyosalpinx
-a collection of pus in a uterine tube.
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dystocia
-(antonym eutocia) is an abnormal or difficult childbirth or labour.
-
-
cephalic version
ce-phal-ic [suh-fal-ik]
-is a process by which a breech baby can sometimes be turned from buttocks or foot first to head first.
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dyspareunia
dys-pa-reu-ni-a [dis-puh-roo-nee-uh]
-is painful sexual intercourse, due to medical or psychological causes.
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endometritis
en-do-me-tri-tis [en-doh-mi-trahy-tis]
-is an inflammation or irritation of the lining of the uterus (the endometrium).
-Symptoms: Abdominal distention or swelling; Abnormal vaginal bleeding; Abnormal vaginal discharge.
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involution of the uterus
-the process by which the uterus attempts to return to its prepregnancy size and condition.
-involves uterine contraction, autolysis of myometrial cells, and epithelial regeneration and proliferation.
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intrauterine device
in-tra-u-ter-ine [in-truh-yoo-ter-in]
-(IUD) is a form of birth control; it is an object, placed in the uterus, to prevent pregnancy.
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multipara
-A woman who has had 2 or more pregnancies resulting in potentially viable offspring.
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multigravida
-a woman who is pregnant and has been pregnant at least twice before.
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nulligravida
-A woman who has never conceived a child.
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nullipara
nul-lip-a-ra [nuh-lip-er-uh]
-A woman who has never given birth.
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prenatal
-Existing or occurring before birth.
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primipara
pri-mi-para [prahy-mip-er-uh]
- -A woman who is giving birth for the first time.
- OR
- -A woman who is pregnant for the first time.
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retroversion
-the tipping backward of an entire organ or part.
- -a turning back; a turning or tilting backward (of an organ or part), esp. of the uterus or
- cervix.
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carcinoma of the cervix
-Malignant cells within the cervix (cervical cancer).
Cause: human papillomavirus (HPV)
- Symptoms:
- *dysplasia (abnormal cell growth)
- *carcinoma in situ (CIS), a localized form of cancer
- Other Risk Factors:
- *cigarette smoking
- *multiple sexual partners
- *weak immune system
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cervicitis
Inflammation of the cervix.
- Cause:
- *Chlamydia trachomatis
- *Neisseria gonorrhaeae
- Symptoms:
- *cervical erosions, ulcerations
- *leukorrhea (clear, white, or yellow pus-filled vaginal discharge)
-
carcinoma of the endometrium (endometrial cancer)
-Malignant tumor of the uterus (adenocarcinoma).
- common sign:
- *postmenopausal bleeding.
- Cause:*exposed to high levels of estrogen (pills, obesity)
-
endometriosis
-Endometrial tissue located outside the uterus.
- Cause:
- *proliferation (growth) of bits of menstrual endometrium that have passed backward thru the lumen (opening) of the fallopian tube and into the peritoneal cavity.
- Symptoms:
- *inflammation and scar tissue
- *dysmenorrhea, pelvic pain, infertility
- *dyspareunia (painful intercourse)
-
fibroids
-Benign tumors in the uterus.
- *ALso called leiomyomata or leiomyomas
- (lei/o = smooth, my/o = muscles, -oma = tumor)
- Cause:
- *fibroids grow too large
- Symptoms:
- *metrorrhagia
- *pelvic pain
- *menorrhagia
-
ovarian carcinoma
-Malignant tumor of the ovary
-
ovarian cysts
-Collections of fluid within a sac (cyst) in the ovary.
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pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)
-Inflammation and infection of organs in the pelvic region; salpingitis, oophoritis, endometritis, endocervicitis.
- Cause:
- *bacterial infections (gonorrhea, chlamydia).
- Symptoms:
- *fever
- *foul-smelling vaginal discharge
- *abdominal pain (LLQ, RLQ)
- *tenderness to palpation of the cervix.
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carcinoma of the breast (breast cancer)
-Malignant tumor of the breast (arising from milk glands and ducts).
-
fibrocystic disease
-Numerous small sacs of fibrous connective tissue and fluid in the breast.
- Signs:
- *nodular (lumpy) consistency of the breast
- Symptoms:
- *premenstrual tenderness & fullness of the breast.
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abruptio placentae
-Premature separation of the implanted placenta.
- Cause:
- *trauma (fall)
- *secondary to vascular insufficiency (hypertension or preeclampsia)
- Symptoms:
- *sudden searing (burning) abdominal pain
- *bleeding
-
choriocarcinoma
-Malignant tumor of the placenta
- Symptoms:
- *vaginal bleeding
- *a positive result on a pregnancy test
- *enlarged ovaries on examination
-
ectopic pregnancy
-Implantation of the fertilized egg in any site other than the normal uterine location.
-
multiple gestation
-More than one fetus inside the uterus.
- Cause:
- *vitro fertilization procedures
- High Risk for:
- *preterm delivery, high blood pressure
- *growth restriction, diabetes
-
placenta previa
-Implantation of the placenta over the cervical opening or in the lower region of the uterus.
- Signs & Symptoms:
- *painless bleeding, hemorrhage, premature labor
-
preeclampsia
-Abnormal condition associated with pregnancy, marked by high blood pressure, proteinuria, edema, and headache.
-
Down syndrome
-Chromosomal abnormality (trisomy 21) results in mental retardation, retarded growth, a flat face with a short nose, low-set ears, and slanted eyes.
-
erythroblastosis fetalis
e-ryth-ro-blas-to-sis [ih-rith-roh-bla-stoh-sis]
-Hemolytic disease in the newborn (HND) caused by a blood group (Rh factor) incompatibility between the mother and the fetus.
-
hyaline membrane disease
-Acute lung disease commonly seen in the premature newborn.
*Also called respiratory distress syndrome of the newborn (RDS).
- Cause:
- deficiency of surfactant, a protein necessary for proper lung function.
-
hydrocephalus
-Accumulation of fluid in the spaces of the brain.
- Cause:
- *problem in the circulation of fluid within the brain and spinal cord, result in fluid accumulation.
-
meconium aspiration syndrome
-Abnormal inhalation of meconium (first stool of the fetus; thick, sticky, greenish to black substance) produces by a fetus or newborn.
-
pyloric stenosis
-Narrowing of the opening of the stomach to the duodenum.
-
Pap test
-Microscopic examination of stained cells removed from the vagina and cervix.
-
pregnancy test
-Blood or urine test to detect the presence of hCG.
-
hysterosalpingography (HSG)
-X-ray imaging of the uterus and fallopian tubes after injection of contrast material.
-
mamography
-X-ray imaging of the breast
-
breast ultrasound imaging and breast MRI
-Technologies using sound waves and magnetic waves to create images of breast tissue.
-
pelvic ultrasonography
-Recording images of sound waves as they bounce off organs in the pelvic region.
- Examine:
- *fetal size, fetal maturity, organ development
- *fetal and placental position.
-
aspiration
-Withdrawal of fluid from a cavity or sac with an instrument using suction.
-
cauterization
-Destruction of tissue by burning
- Chemicals Used:
- *silver nitrate, dry ice, electrically heated instrument.
- Tx:
- *cervical dysplasia
- *cervical erosion
-
colposcopy
-Visual exmination of the vagina and cervix using a colposcope.
-
conization
-Removal of a cone-shaped section (cone biopsy) of the cervix.
-
cryosurgery
-Use of cold temperatures to destroy tissue.
- Chemicals Used:
- *liquid nitrogen
-
culdocentesis
-Needle aspiration of fluid from the cul-de-sac.
-
dilation (dilatation) and curettage (D&C)
-Widening the cervix and scraping off the endometrial lining of the uterus.
-
exenteration
-Removal of internal organs within a cavity.
*Pelvic exenteration, removal of the organs and adjacent structures of the pelvis.
-
laparoscopy
-Visual examination of the abdominal cavity using an endoscope (laparoscope).
*a form of minimally invasive surgery (MIS).
-
tubal ligation
-Blocking the fallopian tubes to prevent fertilization from occurring.
-
abortion (AB)
-Spontaneous or induced termination of pregnancy before the embryo or fetus can exist on its own.
-
amniocentesis
-Needle puncture of the amniotic sac to withdraw amniotic fluid for analysis.
- Exam for:
- *fetal chromosomes
- *concentrations of proteins & bilirubin
- *fetal maturation.
-
cesarean section
-Surgical incision of the abdominal wall and uterus to deliver a fetus.
-
chorionic villus smapling (CVS)
-Sampling of placental tissues (chorionic villi) for prenatal diagnosis.
-
fetal monitoring
-Continuous recording of the fetal heart rate and maternal uterine contractions to reduce fetal distress during labor.
-
in vitro fertilization (IVF)
-Egg and sperm cells are combined outside the body in a laboratory dish (in vitro) to facilitate fertilization.
**After an incubation period of 48-72hrs, the fertilized ova are injected into the uterus thru the cervix.
-
pelvimetry
-Measurement of the dimensions of the maternal pelvis.
- **helps determine if the mother's pelvis will allow passage of the fetus thru the birth canal.
- **IMPORTANT during protracted labor or with breech presentation.
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