Ch8.FemaleReprodSys.Term

-is a special prenatal test given to some pregnant women to test for birth defects.

-is a test during pregnancy that removes a small amount of fluid from the sac around the baby to look for birth defects and chromosome problems.

-is a clear, slightly yellowish liquid that surrounds the unborn baby (fetus) during pregnancy.

-or liquor amnii is the nourishing and protecting liquid contained by the amniotic sac of a pregnant woman.

-is an inflammatory condition infecting the endometrium (mucous lining) of the uterine cervical canal.

-Inflammation of the mucous membrane of the uterine.

-inflammation of the lining of the uterine cervix

-of, relating to, or being part of the chorion.

-the outermost of the two membranes that completely envelop a fetus

-is a common gynecology follow-up for abnormal Pap smears.

-is a way for your doctor to use a special magnifying device to look at your vulva, vagina, and cervix.

-is a procedure that checks for abnormal fluid in the space just behind the vagina (cul-de-sac).

• -is a procedure in which peritoneal fluid is obtained from the cul-de-sac(behind the vagina) of a female
• patient.

-refers to the extraction of fluid from the rectouterine pouch posterior to the vagina through a needle.

-is a surgical incision through the perineum made to enlarge the vagina and assist childbirth.

-procedure where an incision is made between the vagina and anus to assist in vaginal birth.(This area is called the perineum.)

-or galactorrhoea is the spontaneous flow of milk from the breast, unassociated with childbirth or nursing.

-is the development of abnormally large breasts in males. It is related to the excess growth of breast tissue

-is an operation to remove a woman's uterus. The uterus is the place where a baby grows when a woman is pregnant.

-is a thin telescope that is inserted through the cervix into the uterus.

-is the inspection of the uterine cavity by endoscopy with access through the cervix.

-the secretion of milk from the mammary glands, the process of providing that milk to the young, and the period of time that a mother lactates to feed her young.

-pertaining to the mammary gland, or breast.

-or mammaplasty can refer to the surgical procedure to insert cheek implants or augmentation mammoplasty, an enlarging of the breasts via implants.

-is the inflammation of breast tissue.

-the surgical removal of one or both breasts, partially or completely.

-is the absence of menstrual bleeding and may be primary or secondary.

-# Primary amenorrhea is the absence of menstrual bleeding and secondary sexual characteristics (for example, breast development and pubic hair) in a girl by age 14 years or the absence of menstrual bleeding with normal development of secondary sexual characteristics in a girl by age 16 years.

-Secondary amenorrhea is the absence of menstrual bleeding in awoman who had been menstruating but later stops menstruating for 3 or more months in the absence of pregnancy, lactation (the ability to breastfeed), cycle suppression with systemic hormonal contraceptive (birth control) pills, or menopause.

-painful menstruation.

-(or oligomenorrhoea)-is infrequent (or, in occasional usage, very light) menstruation.

-is an abnormally heavy and prolonged menstrual period at regular intervals.

-is uterine bleeding at irregular intervals, particularly between the expected menstrual periods.

-can be defined as 'off schedule' bleeding.

-is a condition in which prolonged or excessive uterine bleeding occurs irregularly and more frequently than normal.

-is the middle layer of the uterine wall consisting of smooth muscle cells and supporting stromal and vascular tissue.

-The muscular outer layer of the uterus.

-sometimes also fibroidectomy, refers to the surgical removal of uterine leiomyomas, also known as fibroids.

-is the surgical removal of fibroids from the uterus. It allows the uterus to be left in place and preserves fertility.

-Of or relating to newborn infants or an infant.

-is the surgical specialty dealing with the care of women and their children during pregnancy.

-or oögenesis is the creation of an ovum (egg cell). It is the female form of gametogenesis. The male equivalent is spermatogenesis.

• -or ovocyte, or rarely ocyte, is a female gametocyte or germ cell involved in reproduction.
• -an egg before maturation

• -is the surgical removal of an ovary or ovaries.
• -The surgery is also called ovariectomy

-(plural ova, from the Latin word ovum meaning egg or egg cell)

-is a haploid female reproductive cell or gamete.

-is an ovum-producing reproductive organ, often found in pairs as part of the vertebrate female reproductive system.

-An anovulatory cycle is a menstrual cycle during which the ovaries do not release an oocyte. Therefore, ovulation does not take place.

-suture of the perineum. -is the surgical repair of the perineum, usually after an episiotomy has been made to assist the delivery of a baby

-is an inflammation of the ovaries.

-It is often seen in combination with salpingitis (inflammation of the fallopian tubes).

-is the removal of one or both of a woman's fallopian tubes, the tubes through which an egg travels from the ovary to the uterus.

-is falling or sliding of the uterus from its normal position in the pelvic cavity into the vaginal canal.

-is a median slit below and behind the opening of the urethra; its size varies inversely with that of the hymen.

-is an inflammation of the vagina.

-It can result in discharge, itching and pain, and is often associated with an irritation or infection of the vulva.

-It is usually due to infection.

-The most common types of vaginitis are yeast infections, bacterial vaginosis, trichomoniasis.

-is inflammation or infection of the vulva and vagina.

-is an inflammation of all or part of the external vulva (labia majora, labia minora, clitoris, and/or entrance to the vagina) and the vagina.

-is the first menstrual cycle, or first menstrual bleeding, in female human beings.

-or false pregnancy, involves a constellation of symptoms that fool women and doctors alike.

-or gravida 1 is a woman who is pregnant for the first time.

• -A woman who is pregnant for the first time.
• -OR-
• Bearing young for the first time.

-a thick, whitish or yellowish vaginal discharge. -or vaginal discharge during pregnancy.

-Leukorrhea is caused by increased secretions from thevaginal walls and cervical glands.

-The flow of blood at menstruation.

-a collection of pus in a uterine tube.

-(antonym eutocia) is an abnormal or difficult childbirth or labour.

-rapid labor.

-is a process by which a breech baby can sometimes be turned from buttocks or foot first to head first.

-is painful sexual intercourse, due to medical or psychological causes.

-is an inflammation or irritation of the lining of the uterus (the endometrium).

-Symptoms: Abdominal distention or swelling; Abnormal vaginal bleeding; Abnormal vaginal discharge.

-the process by which the uterus attempts to return to its prepregnancy size and condition.

-involves uterine contraction, autolysis of myometrial cells, and epithelial regeneration and proliferation.

-(IUD) is a form of birth control; it is an object, placed in the uterus, to prevent pregnancy.

-A woman who has had 2 or more pregnancies resulting in potentially viable offspring.

-a woman who is pregnant and has been pregnant at least twice before.

-A woman who has never conceived a child.

-A woman who has never given birth.

-Existing or occurring before birth.

• -A woman who is giving birth for the first time.
• OR
• -A woman who is pregnant for the first time.

-the tipping backward of an entire organ or part.

• -a turning back; a turning or tilting backward (of an organ or part), esp. of the uterus or
• cervix.

-Malignant cells within the cervix (cervical cancer).

Cause: human papillomavirus (HPV)

• Symptoms:
• *dysplasia (abnormal cell growth)
• *carcinoma in situ (CIS), a localized form of cancer

• Other Risk Factors:
• *cigarette smoking
• *multiple sexual partners
• *weak immune system

Inflammation of the cervix.

• Cause:
• *Chlamydia trachomatis
• *Neisseria gonorrhaeae

• Symptoms:
• *cervical erosions, ulcerations
• *leukorrhea (clear, white, or yellow pus-filled vaginal discharge)

-Malignant tumor of the uterus (adenocarcinoma).

• common sign:
• *postmenopausal bleeding.

• Cause:
• *exposed to high levels of estrogen (pills, obesity)

-Endometrial tissue located outside the uterus.

• Cause:
• *proliferation (growth) of bits of menstrual endometrium that have passed backward thru the lumen (opening) of the fallopian tube and into the peritoneal cavity.

• Symptoms:
• *inflammation and scar tissue
• *dysmenorrhea, pelvic pain, infertility
• *dyspareunia (painful intercourse)

-Benign tumors in the uterus.

• *ALso called leiomyomata or leiomyomas
• (lei/o = smooth, my/o = muscles, -oma = tumor)

• Cause:
• *fibroids grow too large

• Symptoms:
• *metrorrhagia
• *pelvic pain
• *menorrhagia

-Malignant tumor of the ovary

-Collections of fluid within a sac (cyst) in the ovary.

-Inflammation and infection of organs in the pelvic region; salpingitis, oophoritis, endometritis, endocervicitis.

• Cause:
• *bacterial infections (gonorrhea, chlamydia).

• Symptoms:
• *fever
• *foul-smelling vaginal discharge
• *abdominal pain (LLQ, RLQ)
• *tenderness to palpation of the cervix.

-Malignant tumor of the breast (arising from milk glands and ducts).

-Numerous small sacs of fibrous connective tissue and fluid in the breast.

• Signs:
• *nodular (lumpy) consistency of the breast

• Symptoms:
• *premenstrual tenderness & fullness of the breast.

-Premature separation of the implanted placenta.

• Cause:
• *trauma (fall)
• *secondary to vascular insufficiency (hypertension or preeclampsia)

• Symptoms:
• *sudden searing (burning) abdominal pain
• *bleeding

-Malignant tumor of the placenta

• Symptoms:
• *vaginal bleeding
• *a positive result on a pregnancy test
• *enlarged ovaries on examination

-Implantation of the fertilized egg in any site other than the normal uterine location.

-More than one fetus inside the uterus.

• Cause:
• *vitro fertilization procedures

• High Risk for:
• *preterm delivery, high blood pressure
• *growth restriction, diabetes

-Implantation of the placenta over the cervical opening or in the lower region of the uterus.

• Signs & Symptoms:
• *painless bleeding, hemorrhage, premature labor

-Abnormal condition associated with pregnancy, marked by high blood pressure, proteinuria, edema, and headache.

-Chromosomal abnormality (trisomy 21) results in mental retardation, retarded growth, a flat face with a short nose, low-set ears, and slanted eyes.

-Hemolytic disease in the newborn (HND) caused by a blood group (Rh factor) incompatibility between the mother and the fetus.

-Acute lung disease commonly seen in the premature newborn.

*Also called respiratory distress syndrome of the newborn (RDS).

• Cause:
• deficiency of surfactant, a protein necessary for proper lung function.

-Accumulation of fluid in the spaces of the brain.

• Cause:
• *problem in the circulation of fluid within the brain and spinal cord, result in fluid accumulation.

-Abnormal inhalation of meconium (first stool of the fetus; thick, sticky, greenish to black substance) produces by a fetus or newborn.

-Narrowing of the opening of the stomach to the duodenum.

-Microscopic examination of stained cells removed from the vagina and cervix.

-Blood or urine test to detect the presence of hCG.

-X-ray imaging of the uterus and fallopian tubes after injection of contrast material.

-X-ray imaging of the breast

-Technologies using sound waves and magnetic waves to create images of breast tissue.

-Recording images of sound waves as they bounce off organs in the pelvic region.

• Examine:
• *fetal size, fetal maturity, organ development
• *fetal and placental position.

-Withdrawal of fluid from a cavity or sac with an instrument using suction.

-Destruction of tissue by burning

• Chemicals Used:
• *silver nitrate, dry ice, electrically heated instrument.

• Tx:
• *cervical dysplasia
• *cervical erosion

-Visual exmination of the vagina and cervix using a colposcope.

-Removal of a cone-shaped section (cone biopsy) of the cervix.

-Use of cold temperatures to destroy tissue.

• Chemicals Used:
• *liquid nitrogen

-Needle aspiration of fluid from the cul-de-sac.

-Widening the cervix and scraping off the endometrial lining of the uterus.

-Removal of internal organs within a cavity.

*Pelvic exenteration, removal of the organs and adjacent structures of the pelvis.

-Visual examination of the abdominal cavity using an endoscope (laparoscope).

*a form of minimally invasive surgery (MIS).

-Blocking the fallopian tubes to prevent fertilization from occurring.

-Spontaneous or induced termination of pregnancy before the embryo or fetus can exist on its own.

-Needle puncture of the amniotic sac to withdraw amniotic fluid for analysis.

• Exam for:
• *fetal chromosomes
• *concentrations of proteins & bilirubin
• *fetal maturation.

-Surgical incision of the abdominal wall and uterus to deliver a fetus.

-Sampling of placental tissues (chorionic villi) for prenatal diagnosis.

-Continuous recording of the fetal heart rate and maternal uterine contractions to reduce fetal distress during labor.

-Egg and sperm cells are combined outside the body in a laboratory dish (in vitro) to facilitate fertilization.

**After an incubation period of 48-72hrs, the fertilized ova are injected into the uterus thru the cervix.

-Measurement of the dimensions of the maternal pelvis.

• **helps determine if the mother's pelvis will allow passage of the fetus thru the birth canal.
• **IMPORTANT during protracted labor or with breech presentation.