Bone_pathology.csv

benign neoplasm of bone; usually presents in males aged 10-25; characterized by pain at night that is relieved by aspirin; primarily affects femur & tibia & occasionally vertebrae; histologically - central nidus of woven hemorrhagic bone surrounded by reactive sclerosis; large osteoid osteoma (>2 cm) = osteoblastoma

small round blue cell tumor; translation-associated (usually up-regulates expression of inappropriate genes); diaphyseal; tends to occur in young children; 'onion skin' look; M > F

benign neoplasm of cartilage; found inside bone; 'popcorn' calcifications on imaging; generally asymptomatic but may lead to pathologic fracture; originate in medullary canal; histology shows benign cartilage

benign neoplasm of cartilage; found outside bone; 'popcorn' calcifications on imaging; generally asymptomatic but may lead to pathologic fracture; originate in medullary canal; histology shows benign cartilage

most common neoplasm of bone; projection of cartilage & bone; bony stalk with cartilaginous cap; bone marrow extends from medullary cavity into stalk; therapy = excision; generally stop growing when patient reaches maturity

most common tumor found in bone; 'BLT + a Kosher Pickle' - breast & lung & thyroid & kidney & prostate disease; may be lytic or blastic

malignant cancer of bone; generally occurs in children or elderly patients with predisposing factors; M > F; majority of pediatric osteosarcomas = around knee area; majority of adult osteosarcomas = in axial skeleton; almost all occur in the metaphysis; may present with pain & swelling or pathologic fracture or elevated serum alkaline phosphatase levels; considered high-grade or low-grade; 80% of metastases go to the lungs

malignant cancer of bone; tends to affect people between 30-60; M = F; does not respond well to chemotherapy or radiation (little vasculature); tends to be in trunk/pelvis/long bones; 'popcorn' calcifications; classified as grade 1 or 2 or 3

characterized by regular parallel alignment of collagen fibers (as opposed to woven bone)

characterized by disorganized alignment of collagen fibers; normal in growing children but pathological in adults; occurs in healing bone

high-grade - requires surgery as well as adjuvent/neo-adjuvent therapy; low-grade - requires only surgery; % tumor necrosis after neo-adjuvent therapy = best prognostic indicator (>90% destroyed = good responder while <90% = bad responder)

X-ray - check to see if tumor is lytic (bone-degrading) or blastic (building of bone); CT scan - detail & used to look for pulmonary metastases; MRI - good for looking at soft tissue; radionucleotide scan - good for looking for metastases

lifting of periosteum above advancing tumor margin; tends to occur more in children;reactive bone laid down underneath lifted margin (Codman triangle); may also occur with osteomyelitis