-
what is made up of a network of tubules bounded by membranes
endoplasmic reticulum
-
what is endoplasmic reticulum made up of (in general)
a network of tubules bounded by memberanes
-
what are the 2 types of ER (2)
- rER (rough ER)
- sER (smooth ER)
-
what do rER have that sER do not have
ribosomes
-
how does rER stain
basophilic (purple)
-
how does sER stain
acidophilic (pink)
-
what type of ER is basophilic
rER
-
what type of ER is acidophilic
sER
-
what is rER's function (2)
- protein synthesis
- lysosomal enzyme synthesis
-
what synthesizes protein and lysosomal enzymes
rER
-
what is sER's functions (3)
- synthesize steroid hormones
- part of drug detoxification
- release/recapture of Ca(2+) in contraction/relation of muscles
-
what synthesizes steroid hormones
sER
-
what is involved in drug detoxification
sER
-
what is responsible for release/recapture of Ca(2+) in contracting and relaxing muslces
sER
-
what is one of steroid hormones' function
lipid metabolism
-
what has enzymes on its membranes for steroid hormone synthesis
sER
-
what type of stain do you use to visualize the golgi complex (2)
-
how does the golgi complex look after being stained
black network of cisternae
-
what is visualized with silver salt
golgi complex
-
with is visualized with osmium
golgi complex
-
what appears as a black network of cisternae when stained with silver salt or osmium
golgi complex
-
how is the golgi complex structured
parallel membranes bounded by flattend cisternae and associated tubules and vesicles on either side
-
what is made up of paralle membranes bounded by flattend cisternae and associated tubles and vesicles on either side
golgi complex
-
what is the golgi complex's function (2)
- sight for accumulation and concentration of secretory proteins into membrane bound besicles (packing)
- biosynthesis of glycoprotiens/lipids and phospho-/neutral lipids
-
what is the site for accumulation and concentration of secretory proteins into membrane bound vesicles
golgi complex
-
what biosynthesizes glycoprotiens, glycolipids, phospholipids, and neutral lipids
golgi complex
-
what are the 4 types of things the golgi complex biosynthesize (4)
- glycoprotiens
- glycolipids
- phospholipids
- neutral lipids
-
how is a lysosome structured
membrane bound vesicle
-
what does a lysosome contain
nucleases, proteases, lipases, etc
-
what kind of enzymes do lysosomes contain
hydrolytic
-
what contains hydrolytic enzymes
lysosomes
-
what contains nucleases, proteases, and lipases
lysosomes
-
where does the enzymes of a lysosome made
rER
-
what is a primary lysosome
a modified, packaged membrane bound vesicle containing
-
what emerges from the golgi complex thats contained in a membrane bound vesicle with hydrolytic enzymes
lysosomes
-
primary lysosomes emerge from where
golgi complex
-
what do primary lysosomes fuse with to turn into a secondary lysosome (2)
- phagocytosed material
- obsolete/dead cellular organelles
-
what are the 2 pathways that the primary lysosome can take to turn into a secondary lysosome
-
what is the process in which a priamry lysosome fuses with an obsolete/dead organelle
autophagy
-
what happens in the secondary lysosome
digestion/breakdown of the phagocytosed material (microorganisim) or obsolete/dead organelle
-
where does the digestion/breakdown of phagocytosed material or dead organelle take place
secondary lysosome
-
what is the result of a secondary lysosome (2)
- lipofuscin (age pigment)
- exocytosed material (if possible)
-
what is the age pigment
lipofuscin
-
what is a lipofuscin (2)
- product of the digestion/break down of phagocytosed material or dead oranelles
- aging pigment
-
how long do lipfuscin stay in the cell
forever/until the cell dies
-
what type of cells have a lot of lipfuscin
nerve cells
-
what do nerve cells have a lot of
lipfuscin (aging pigment)
-
what is the structure of peroxisomes
small membrane bound organelles
-
what is a small membrane bound organelle
peroxisomes
-
what do peroxisomes contain (2)
- oxidase
- catalase
- both used for synthesis/destruction of H2O2
-
what contains oxidase and catalase
peroxisomes
-
where are peroxisomes found (2)
- hepatocytes
- proximal convoluted tubules of kidney
-
what is found in hepatocytes and the proximal convoluted tubules of the kidney
peroxisomes
-
what are peroxisomes functions (3)
- get energy from oxidation of H2O2
- detoxify things like ethonol
- plays a role in gluconeogenesis
-
what produces energy from H2O2, detoxifies ethonol and plays a role in gluconeogenesis
peroxisomes
-
what does mitochondria have that almost no other organelle contain
its own DNA
-
what organelle has it's own DNA unlike most other organelles
mitochondria
-
where is mitochondrial DNA found
in the mitochondrial matrix
-
what stain is used in living cells to visualize mitochondria
Janus Green B
-
what is the stan Janus Green B used for
to visualize mitochondria in living cells
-
what is mitochndria's main function
the power house of the cell, it produces ATP and has high metabolic activity
-
what is the main source of energy and has high metabolic activity in cells
mitochondria
-
how is mitochondria structured
outer/inner membrane with the innner membrane folded (cristae)
-
what has a outer and inner membrane with it's inner membrane contain many folds or cristae
mitochondria
-
what is in the mitochondria matrix (2)
-
what has DNA and ribosomes in mitochondria
mitochondria matrix
-
what is containes enzymes for oxidative phosphorylation
inner mitochondrial membrane
-
what does the inner membrane of the mitochondria contain
enzymes for oxidative phosphorylation
-
what is the composistion of the cytoskeleton (3)
- microfilaments
- intermediate filaments
- microtubules
- the 3 are embedded in the cytoplasmic matrix or cytosol
-
what is made up of microfilaments, intermediate filaments and microtubules embedded in the cytoplasmic matrix or cytosol
cytoskeleton
-
where are microfilaments mainly found
muscle cells
-
what are microfilament's function in muscle cells
cellular contraction
-
what type of microfilaments are in muslce cells (2)
- actin filaments
- myosin filaments
-
in muscle cells, what is actin and myosin filaments composed of
microfilaments
-
in cells other then muscle, what is the structure of microfilaments
form a think sheath just beneath cell membrane
-
in cells other then muscle, what is the function of microfilaments (3)
- endocytosis
- exocytosis
- cell migratory activity
-
what forms a thin sheath just beneath the plasmalemma in most cells
microfilaments
-
what are associated with membrane activities such as endocytosis, exocytosis and cell migratory activity
microfilaments
-
what gives strength and shape to a cell
intermediate filaments
-
what type of filament is present in almost all cells
intermediate filaments
-
what is abundant in cells that are subjected to mechanical stress
intermediate filaments
-
what do intermediate filaments usually provide for cells (4)
- strength
- shape
- protection
- mechanical stability
-
keratin filaments do what (2)
- provide mechanical stability by formation of desmosomes
- protection in keratinized epithelium
-
what privieds mechanical stability by formation of desmosomes
keratin filaments (a type of intermediate filament)
-
what gives protection in keratinized epithelium
keratin filaments (a type of intermediate filament)
-
what are the types of intermediate filaments (4)
- keratin filaments
- desmin filaments
- neurofilaments
- glial filaments
-
what do keratin filaments, desmin filaments, neurofilaments, and glial filaments make up
intermediate filaments
-
what is another name for keratin filaments
tonofilaments
-
what are tonofilaments
keratin filaments
-
what do desmin filaments do
support muscle cells
-
what type of filament supports muscle cells
desmin filaments
-
what do neurofilaments do
support nerve cells
-
what type of filament supports nerve cells
neurofilaments
-
what do glial filaments do
support astrocytes and neurolemmocytes (schwann cells)
-
what type of filament supports astrocytes and neurolemmocytes (schwann cells)
glial filaments
-
what plays a significant role in maintenance of cell form and transport of organelles and vesicles, such as secretory granules
microtubules
-
what plays an essential role in cell division and are the major component of the centriole
microtubules
-
what do microtubules have significant/essential roles in (2)
- plays a significant role in maintenance of cell form and transport of organelles and vesicles, such as secretory granules
- plays an essential role in cell division and are the major component of the centriole
-
what functions does microtubules have in the cell (5)
- maintains cell form
- transport of organelles
- transport of vesicles (ex secretory granules)
- role in cell division
- major component of centriole
-
what is a major component of centrioles
microtubules
-
what are centrioles comprised of
9 groups of 3 microtubules (triplets) in longitudinal and paralle arrangment
-
what is 9 groups of triplet microtubles arranged in longitudinal and parallelly
centrioles
-
what do microtubules help maintain
cell form
-
what do microtubules help transport in the cell (2)
- organelles
- vesicles (ex secretory granules)
-
what are microtubules major component of
centrioles
-
what are centrioles used for
cell division
-
what type of cytoskeleton is used in cell division
centrioles which is composed of microtubules
-
what type of cytoskeleton makes up cilia and flagella
microtubles
-
what types of specialized of the free cell surface is made of microtubules (2)
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