Protists are a _____ grouping, meaning that they represent some, but not all, of the descendants of a single common ancestor, that includes all eukaryotes except the green plants, fungi, and animals.
Protists are a paraphyletic grouping, meaning that they represent some, but not all, of the descendants of a single common ancestor, that includes all eukaryotes except the green plants, fungi, and animals.
Protists are:
C)
____ ________ evolved in protists.
Sexual reproduction evolved in protists.
Protists reproduce:
B) can reproduce sexually and asexually
Eukaryotes vs. Bacteria & Archaea?
1.) eukarotes have a nuclear envelope
2.) have many more organelles
3.) multicellularity (rare in Bac, and unknown in Arch)
4.) reproduction; undergo cell division via mitosis as well as meiosis (Bac and Arch reproduce my fission
Protist refers to all eukaryotes that are not _____, ______, or _______.
-green plants,
-fungi
-animals
When a unicellular species experiences rapid pop growth and reaches high densities in an aquatic environment, it is said to "_____."
When a unicellular species experiences rapid pop growth and reaches high densities in an aquatic environment, it is said to "bloom."
Ex of primary producers:
_______ are photosynthetic protists that rank among leading primary producers in the oceans because they're so abundant.
Diatoms are photosynthetic protists that rank among leading primary producers in the oceans because they're so abundant.
The organic compounds produced by ___________ are the basis of food chains in freshwater and marine environments.
The organic compounds produced by phytoplankton are the basis of food chains in freshwater and marine environments.
What are synapomorphies?
Shared, derived traits that distinguish major monophyletic groups.
______ __________ is based on collecting organisms from a habitat & analyzing the DNA sequence of specific genes w/o growing larger pops. of indiv in lab culture.
Direct sequencing is based on collecting organisms from a habitat & analyzing the DNA sequence of specific genes w/o growing larger pops. of indiv in lab culture.
How did the nuclear envelope develop?
derived from infoldings of the plasma membrane
Mitochondria are organelles that generate ATP using ________ as an electron donor & ______ as the ultimate electron acceptor.
Mitochondria are organelles that generate ATP using pyruvate as an electron donor & oxygen as the ultimate electron acceptor.
The endosymbiosis theory proposes that _________ originated when a bacterial cell took residence inside a eukaryote.
The endosymbiosis theory proposes that mitochondria originated when a bacterial cell took residence inside a eukaryote.
________ is said to occur when individuals of two different species live in physical contact.
Symbiosis is said to occur when individuals of two different species live in physical contact.
When does endosymbiosis occur?
Endosymbiosis-when an organism of 1 species lives inside an organism of another species.
What is the key point about multicellularity?
Not all cells express the same genes.
How do protists feed?
1.) ingesting packets of food
2.) absorbing organic molecules directly from the environment
3.) performing photosynthesis
T/F The engulfing process is possible in protists that lack a cell wall.
True
Decomposer?
organism that feeds on dead organic matter, or detritus
How is the endosymbiosis theory similar to a happy partnership?
Once in protist, photosynthetic bacterium provided its eukaryotic host w/ O2 and glucose in exchange for protection & access to light
When does secondary endosymbiosis occur?
When an organism engulfs a photosynthetic eukaryotic cell & retains it chloroplasts as intracellular symbionts.
How do protists move?
-Amoeboid motion via pseudopodia- requires ATP and actin, myosin inside cytoplasm.
-Flagella: long and found alone or in pairs
-Cilia: short and occur in large #s
What is the most significant evolutionary innovation in eukaryotes?
Evolution of sexual reproduction
A life cycle describes the sequence of events that occur as individuals _____, ______, and ________.
A life cycle describes the sequence of events that occur as individuals grow, mature, and reproduce.
What is fertilization?
Fertilization- the fusion of 2 gametes to form a diploid zygote.
What is alternation of generations?
alternation of multicellular haploid and diploid forms.
(the multicellular haploid form is called a gametophyte,because specialized cells produce gametes by mitosis)
(the multicellular diploid form is called a sporophyte, because it has specialized cells that go through meiosis to produce haploid cells called spores)
What is a spore?
A single cell that develops into an adult organism but is not a product of fusion by gametes.
