Psych 333

rise of moral therapy

more human= treatment of institutionalized patients

encouraged and reinforced social interaction

• hippocrates: abnormal behavior as a physical disease
• hysteria = “the wandering uterus”
• galen extends hippocrates’ work
• humoral = theory of mental illness—certain fluids in the body, if out of balance it threw off the body’s proper function
• treatments remained crude

• deviant behavior as a battle of “good” vs evil
• caused by demonic possession, witchcraft, sorcery

treatments included exorcism, torture, beatings, and crude surgeries

• the moon and the stars
• paracelsus and lunacy

Actions that are unexpected and often evaluated negatively because they differ from typical or usual behavior

Array of therapeutic methods based on the principles of behavirosal and cognitive science, as well as principles of learing as applied to clinical problems. It considers specific behaviors rather than inferred conflicts as legitimate targets for change

explanationof human behavir, including dysfunctio, badsded on principles of learning and adaptation derived from experimental psychology

explaination of human behavior, including dysfunction, based on principles of learning and adaption derived from experimental psychology

The fear in young boys that they will be mutilated gewnitally because of their lust for their mothers

rapid or sudden release of emotional tension thought to be an important factor in psychoanalytic therapy

fundamental learning process first described by Ivan Pavlov. An event that automatically elicits a response is paried with another stimulus event that does not. After repeated pairings, the neutral stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus that by itself can elicit the desired response

details of the combination of behaviors, thoughs and feelings of an indiidual that make up a particular disorder

accumulated wisdom of a culture collected and remembered across generations, a psychodynamic concept introduced by Carl Jung.

pattern of development and change of a disorder over time

common pattern of behavior, often an adaptive coping style when it occurs in moderation, observed in response to a particular situation.

Unconsious processing originating in the ego

psychoanalytic therapy method in which dream content is examined as symbolic of id impulses and intrapsychotic conflicts

the psychotic entity responsible for finding realistic and practical ways to satisfy the id

psychoanalytic theory that empthazises the tole of the ego in development and attibutes psychological disorders to failure of the ego to manage impulses and interal conflicts

cause or source of a disorder

religious ritual that attributes disordered behavior to possession by demons and seeks to treat the indivusual by driving the demons from the body

learning process in which response maintained by reinforcement in iperant conditiond or pairing in classical conditioning decreases when the reinforement of pairing is removed aslso the produre of removing that reinforcement or pairing

psychoanalytic therapy technique intended to explore threatening material repressed into the unconscious. The patiend is instructed to say whatever comes to mind without censoring

pleasure principle, illogical, emotional, irrational

number of new cases of disorder appearing during a specific time period

struggle among id, ego, and superego

early, nonscientific approac to the study of psychology incolving systematic attempts to report thoughts and feelings that specific stimuli evoked

effort to improve care of the mentally disorderedby informing the public of their mistreatment

involved treating patients as normally as possible in normal environments

obsolete psychodynamic term for a disorder thought to result from an unconsious conflict and anxiety it causes

modern development in psychodynamic theory involving the study of how children incorporate the memories and valies of people who are close and important to them

method in which the client, rather than the counselor, promarily directs the course of disscussion, seeking self discovery and self-responsibility

disorder characterized by marked and persistant fear of an object or situation

original complaint reported by the client to the therapist. The actual treated problem may be modification derived from the presenting problem

number of people displaying a disorder in the total pop. at any given time

predicted development of a disorder over time

assesment and therapy pioneered by freud that emphasized exploration of and the insight into unconscious processed and conflicts

therapist who practices psychoanalysis after earning a PHD and recieving assitional specialised postdoctoral training

comples and comprehensice theory originally advanced by frued that seeks to account for the development and structure of personality as well as the orgin of abnormal behavior, based primarily on inferred innerentities and forces

contemporary version of psychoanalysis athat still emphasizes unconcious processes and conflicts but is briefer and more focused on specific problems

psychological disfuntion associated with distress or ompairment in functioning that is not a typical or culturally expected response

scientific study of psychological disorders

treatment practice that focuses on social and cultural factors as well as psychological influences

consequences for behavior that strengthen it or increase its frequency

mental health professional expected to apply scientific methods ro his or her work. A scientist-practitioner must know that latest reaserch on diagnosis and treatment

process emphasized in humanistic pshycology in which people strive to achienve the highest potential against difficult life experiences

the development of a new response by reinforcing successively more similar versions of that repsonse. Bothe desirable and undesirable behaviors may be learned this way

entity representing the internalized moral standards of parents and society

behavioral therapy technique to diminish excessive fears, involving gradual exposure to the feared stimulus paired with a positive coping experience, usuall relaxation

psychoanalytic concept suggesting that clients may seek to relate to the therapist as they do to important authority figures, particularly their parents

acceptance by the counselor of the clients feelings and actions without judgement or condemnation

part of psychic makeup that is outsie th awareness of the person

concious subjective aspect of an emotionthat accompanies and action at a given time

a chemical substance that effectively increases the activity of a neurotransmistter by imitatiing its effects

a chemical substance that decreases or blocks the efects of a neurotransmitter

neurotransmitter current or neural pathway in the brain

field of study that examines how humans and other animals aquire, process, store, and retrieve info

hypothesis that both an inherited tendaency and specific stressful conditions are required to produce a disorder

neurotransmitter whose generalized function is to activate other neurotransmitters and to aid in exploratory and pleasure seeking behaviors

pattern of action elicited by an external event and a feeling state, accompanied by a characteristic physiology response

principle that a behavior or disorder may have many causes

brain circuit in animals that when stimulated causes an immediate alarm-and-escape response resembling human panic

neurotransmitter that reduces activity across the synaptic cleft and this inhibits a range of behaviors and emotions expecially generalized anxiety

long DNA, the basic physical unit of heredidy that appears as a location on a chromosome

amino acid neurotransmitter that excites many different neurons by which alch affects cognitive abilities

chemical messenger produced by the endocrine glands

condition od memory in which a person cannot recall past events despite acting in response to them

a chemical substance that produces effects opposite those of a particular neurotransmitter

theory that people become anxious and depresses when they make an attribution that they have no control over the stress

learning through observation and imitation of the behavior of other individuals and consequenses of that behavior

induring period of emotionality

approach to the study of psychopathology that holds psychological disorders are always the products of multiple interacting causal factors

individual nerve cell responsible for transmitting info

study of the nervous system and its role in behavior, thoughts, and emotions

chemical that crosses the synaptic cleft between nerve cells to transmit impulses from one neuron to the next

neurotransmitter active in the central and periferal nervous systems, controlling heart rate, bp, and respiration among other functions

ability adaptive for evolution, allowing certain associations to be learned more readily than others

a hypothesis that people with a genetic predispostion for disorder may also have a genetic tendancy to create environmental risk factors that promote the disorder

actions my which a neurotransmitter is quickly drawn bac into the discharging neuron after being released into a synaptic cleft

processing of info and cordination of movement as well as inhibition and restraint. Assits in regulation of eating, sexual, and aggressive behaviors

space between nerve cells where chemical transmitters act to move impulses from one neuron to the next

suspetibility or tendancy to develop a disorder

approach to research that employs subjects who are similar to clinical clients, allowing replication of a clinical problem under controlled conditions

research strategy for comparing genetic markers in groups of people with and without a perticular disorder

measured rate of a behavior before infroduction of an intervention that allows comparison and assesment of the effects of the intervention

measuring, observing, and systematically evaluating the clients thoughts, feelings, and behavior in the actual problem situation or context

research procedure in which a single person or small group is studied in detail. No cause and effect

classification method founded on the assumption of clear cut differences among disorders, each with a different known cause

assignment of objects or people to categories on the basis of shared characteristics

systematic evaluation and measurement of psychological, biological, and social factors in a person presenting with a possible psychological disorder

degree to which research findings have useful and meaningful applications to real problems

participants in each age group of a study with a cross-sectional design

obervation that people of diff age groups differ in their values and experiences

presense of two or more disorders in an individual at the same time

outcome research that contrasts two or more treatment methods to determine which is most effective

any factor occuring in a study that makes the results uninterpretable because its effects cannot be seperated from those of the variables being studied

variable in a research study that was not part of the indended design and that may contribute to changes in the dependant variable

groups similar to the experimental subjects in every way but are not exposed to the treatment recieved my the subjects

degree to which to variables are associated

computed statistic reflecting the strength and direction of an association between two variables

research procedure which variables are measured and compared to detect any association but are not manipulated

limit to the generalizeability of longitudinal research because the group understudy may differ from others in culture and experience

methodology to examine a characteristic by comparing individuals of different ages

the phenomonom that is measured and expected to be influenced

process of determining whether a presenting problem meets the established criteria for a specific disorder

method of categorizing characteristics on a continuum reather than ona blinary, either-or, or all-or-none basis

posibility that when two variables, A and B are correlated variable A causes variable B or variable B causes variable A

practice of transmitting conflicting messages that was thought to cause schizophrenia

measure of electrical activity patterns in the brain

psychopathology method which examines the prevalence, distribution, and consequenses of disorders in populations

establish causation by manipulating the variables in question and controlling for alternative explainations of any observed effect

extent to which research findings generalize or apply to people and settings not involved in the study

assesment error in which no pathology is noted when one is actually present

assesment error in which pathology is reported when none is present

extent to which a disorder will be found among a patients relatives

genetic study that examines patterns and traits and behaviors among relatives

extent to which reaearch results apply to a range of indivuduals not included in the study

study that seeks to match the inheritance pattern of a disorder to that of a genetic marker

inherited characteristic for which the chromosomal location of the responsible gene is known

specific genetic make-up of an individual

ongoing scientific event to develop a comprehensive map of all human genes

an educated guess or statement to be tested by research

manipulated my the experimentor in a study and expecited to infulence the dependant variable

content that was made from an individual

extent to which the results of the studies can be attributed to the independnt variable after confounding alternative explanations have been ruled out

applying a name to phenomonon or pattern of behavior

degree of behavior change with different interventions

systematic study of changes in the same individual or group examined over time

prelimonary test of a clients judgement orientation to time and place and emotional and mental state

measures are taken on two or more behaviors or on a single behavior in two or more situations

association between two variables in which one increases the other decreases

sophisticated computer aided procedure that allowes non intrusive examination of nervous sytem structure and function

assesment of brain and nervous system functioning by testing an indviduals proformance on behavioral tasks

in a naming system, the actual labels or names that are applied

classification in naming system for medical and psychological phenomonon

tendancy to consider all members of a category as more similar as they are ignoring their individual differences

self report questionare that assesses personal traits by asking respondants to identify discriptions that apply to themselves

observable trait you can see

does not receive the experimental manipulation but is given a similar procedure with an identical expectation of change

behavior change resulting from a persons expectation of change rather than from the experimental manipulation itself

association between two variables in which one increases and the othe increases

the individual displaying the trait or characteristic being studied

measure that presents ambiguous stimuli to clients on the assumption that their responses can reveal their unconcious conflicts

system for categorizing disorders using both essential definding characteristics and a range of variation on other characteristics

measurement of changes in the nervous system reflecting efents such as anxiety stress and sexual arousal

method of replacing individuals of research groups that assures that each has equal chance of being assigned to any group

degree to which a measurement in consistent

when responses are measured on more than one occation to assess trends

plan of experimentation used to test a hypothesis

data collected by examining records or recollections of the past

combination of cross-sectional and longitudinal designs involving repeated study of different cohorts over time

research tactic in which an independent variable is manipulatied for a single individual, allowing cause and effect conclusions but with limited generalizability

establishing spacific norms and requirements for measurement technique to ensure that it is used consistently across measurement occations

small probablilty of obtaining the observed research findings by chance

system of naming and classification in science

ability of a hypothesis to be subjected to scientific scruitiny and to be accepted or rejected

direction of change of a behavior or behaviors

comparison of twins with unrelated or less closely related individuals

degeree to which a technique measures what its supposed to mearsure

degree of change in a phenomonon over time

removing a treatment to note whether it has been effective