Midterm Review

• humans
• swine
• birds

• a small change in the h or n protiens that can occur from year to year
• pop is partially immune but may be reaffected over time which is a periodic epidemic

• virus contains RNA surrounded by a membrane
• m2 protien on a type only
• on the outside there is hemagglutinin and neuraminidase

allows the virus to bond to the host cell

• interferon alpha: type 1 and is made in all types of leukocytes
• interferon beta: type 1. fibroblast interferon. made in fibroblasts/epithelial cells
• interferon gamma: type 2. the immune interferon. made in certain activated t cells and nk cells

gamma

• induction of protiens in target cells
• increasing MHC I expression
• increased cytotoxic t cells
• activates nk cells

• fever
• malaise
• fatigue
• muscle pain
• flu like symptoms

• croup: a coughing virus in young kids (shower steam helps)
• primary influenza virus pneumonia
• secondary bacterial infection such as strep, staph, or bacterial influenza

• its a disease where the liver has fatty deposits
• there is brain swelling
• caused by being young, certian viral infections such as flu or chickenpox, and giving kids aspirin

• an every year "best guess" docs make of the main antigenic types
• is currently against type a h1n1, type a h3n2, and type b
• vaccine grown in an egg
• bennefits healthy people not at risk of flu complications ages 5-49 who have strong immune systems
• should be administerd oct-nov

• selective neuraminidase inhibitors
• stop the virus from leaving the cell
• relenzas indication is treatment which may be given before you get sick while tamiflus is treatment prophylaxis meaning after infection
• spectrum of both is types a and b
• administration of relenza is inhaled- 2 puffs a day for 5 days and tamiflus is oral, one tablet a day for 5 days

• 10% are direct costs
• 90% indirect-lost productivity for employee absentism
• us total annual flu cost: 14.6 billion

• usually less severe
• more stable
• generally an epidemic

• retrovirus
• transcribes rna to dna

• human t cell lymphotrophic virus (htlv)
• lymohodenopathy associated virus (lav)
• AIDS associated retrovirus (AARV)
• gaypneumonia

death in the us of men ages 25-44

• icosahedral (2o sided)
• enveloped virus of the lentivuris subfamily of retroviruses
• has 2 viral rna strands in the core surrounded by p24 surrounded by p17 matrix sourounded by lipid membrane with gp 41 and gp120 for attaching are embedded in membrane

• when you are infected with HIV
• HIV has no cure but the drugs goal is to prevent/delay opportunistic disease

two types: neucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (fake neucleotides go into the viral dna so it cant be transcribed- AZT) and non-neucleoside reverse transciptase inhibitors (attaches itself to reverse transcriptase so it wont work-viramune)

tb and strep pneumonia

• candida
• cryptococcus

• kaposi sarcoma
• herpes
• influenza
• oral hairy leukoplakia
• oral candidiasis

• a rarecancer of the blood vessels
• associated with hiv
• patients dont make enough healthy t cells to fight it off
• manifests as blush red

• vary from patient to patient
• aids wasting syndrome- occurs in most patients with aids
• wieght loss of 10% of body weight
• chronic weakness or fever
• diarrhea of 30+ days

first 2

stage 2

stage 4

stage 3- symptomatic stage

obligate aerobes

obligate anaerobes

• helicobacter pylori
• stress can increase them

salmonella typhi bacteria

facultative anaerobic bacteria- can live with or without oxygen

obligate anaerobe- no oxygen

a b e f

• eubacteria
• archaebacteria

• hermaphrodites
• mature in intestines

wolbachia

• what it uses to attach itself the the intestine
• the head
• must come out in feces to be cured of tapeworm because proglottids can grow back

eating bad meat, usually pork, with hard cysts

they leave snails and go in fresh water and penetrate the skin

hookworm

penetrate the skin then move to the airways where they are swallowed and end up in the intestines

• hooks at the very top of scolex
• suckers are on the sides of the scolesx

• ascaris (kids)
• pinworm
• trichinosis

• treatment against hookworm
• oral meds are 99% effective

• pinworm med
• also recees pinworm

loa loa or african eyeworm

albendazole

cure for elephantiasis

guinea worm

drug used to treat schistosomiasis

trichinoisis

ascaris

guinea worm

ascaris

• antiviral: alpha- approved for hepatitis b and c
• macrophage activation: gamma: used for leprocy and toxoplasmosis
• multiple scleroisis: beta- used for this auto immune disease

• block interferon binding
• inhibit functions of interferon induced protiens
• try to stop functions of natural killer cells
• inhibit production of MHC I and II

• person to person mostly
• inanimate objects

• headache
• muscle pain
• fever
• sweats/chills
• sore throat
• cough with little to no sputum

• very fit- can survive where other organisms cant
• most ancient
• most numerous
• microscopic prokaryots
• groups based on cluster and shape

:)

bacteria that like a heated environment

• producing and processing foods
• breaking down dead organic material
• making unripened cheese like cottage or ricotta

• endotoxin: does destroying- menengitis
• exotoxin: realeases disease causing toxins- botulism or diptheria

• sanitation and hygene
• keep human urine/feces away from food and drinking water
• maintain careful food preparation

• clinical signs
• toxin in serum, stool, or suspected food
• stool culture or gastric aspirate which can take 5-7 days for results
• electromyography to test muscles
• mouse neutralization test

injestion of eggs or sleeping in contaminated bedding

cluster of immune cells forming a hard protective cyst around worms

• after eggs in soil are swallowed young worms leave the intestines and travel to the lungs where they are coughted up and swallowed to grow in the intestines
• two symptoms of ascaris are mild stomach pains, diarrhea, coughing, wheezing and congestion in lungs

• abdominal pain
• fever
• cramps
• trichinosis can still be treated if the worms are still in the intestines and havent moved to the muscles

• humans can become intermediate hosts by consuming shelled larvae in contaminated food
• symptoms are abdominal pain, diarrhea, nausea, weakness and loss of appetite

• innate: external barriers such as skin, mucous membranes, and secretions with lysozymes
• aquired: b and t cells

• similarities: both have memory cells, both are wbc's and both circulate the blood
• differences: b cells make antibodies while t cells have t receptors. b cells have 2 types and t cells have 3 and b cells mature in the bone marrow while t cells mature in the thymus.

• sits a disease where the infected person gets red spots containing transparent fluid all over the body and eyelids may even swell together
• it is now eradicated thanks to the eradication program containing ring vaccinations where when someone was infected all members of the household and 30 surrounding households were vaccinated
• over 80% at risk were vaccinated

• its a sickness caused by an airbourne virus
• the fourth worldwide leading cause of death
• airbourne meaning its transmitted through coughs sneezes, etc
• prevented by a vaccine- was mandatory with herd immunity

• when the immune system responds rapidly to harmless substances or allergens
• the allergen is presented and stimulates the t helper cells whcihch release cytokines and stimulate b cells with IgG antibodies. then plasma cells release IgE antibodies which attacth to basophils and mast cells which later release histamines and leukotrines and other mediators so that after the allergens second exposure, degranulation will happen causing capillary dialiation, increased capillary permeability, airyway construction, mucous secretions, pain and itching

• disease where attacks are allergic reations
• 1/7 of uk children infected
• direct result of pollution
• symptoms: muscles surrounding trachea and airways contract breathing is difficult, wheezing, coughting and tightness about the chest

:)

• Graded Potential: localized stimulus that never actually reaches the brain
• Action Potential: you feel it! voltage gated channels are actually involved and the outside of the axon becomes more negative

• celexa and prozac
• they work to block the transport protiens that reuptake seratonin
• used to treat depression and ocd

• seratonin
• norepinepherine

• physical: headache and trouble sleeping
• mental: saddness and anxiety

and alternating state of reduced mood (depression) and mania (expansive mood)

• an inhibitory neurotransmitter that when it arrives at receptors, it stops the tendency of neurons to fire
• highly associated with reward mechanisms of the brain
• too much in frontal lobes can cause schizophrenia
• too little in motor areas of the brain can cause parkinsons
• cocaine opium and herione increase dopamine levels