medical microbiology

microoganisms that can invade other organidms and cause a disease

• 1.microbe must be more abundant in all infected organisms than in healthy organisms
• 2.has to be able to be isolated and grown
• 3.must cause disease when introduces into a healthy organism
• 4.identical microbe must be re-isolated from innoculant.

(some people can be carriers and not get disease)

gains an electron (removal of O)

lose of an electon (addition of O)

-log [H⁺]

(CH₂O)_x

-simple sugars

• hydrocarbon chains
• -phospholipds (2 fatty acids and glycerol +HPO₄^-
• -steroids (4 ring structure differing in functional groups)

• amino acids
• (amine-C-carboxylic acid)
• R

• nucleic acids
• phosphate, sugar, nitrogenous base

protein not in tertiary structure

short strand of proteins

adenine and guarnine

thymine, uracil, adenine

binds together monomers

breaks down monomers

• spherical
• divide in one or more planes or randomly

elongated

• rod
• divide in one plane

comma-shaped

wavy-rigid

wavy -flexible (corkscrew)

many shapes

• produces pared
• Diplo-

strepto-

tetrad

• producing clusters
• Staphylo

Palisade

Strepto

• Binary fission
• -new cell wall material grows and the cell pinches in half

• attachment site for bateriophages and serves as a passgeway into and out of the cell.
• (adds rigidity)

attach the outermembrane to the peptidoglycan layer

form channels through the outer membrane

• found in the outermembrane
• also called endotoxin
• not released until cell walls are broken down
• which is why they're a serious medical problem (get worse)

• gap between cell membrane and cell wall
• very active area of the cell metabolism
• contains digestive enzymes and transports proteins that destroy potentialy harmful substances

cause the cel wall to be leaky so the dye complec escapes

• approximately 60% lipid
• very little peptidoglycon
• grow slowly since lipids impede entrance of nutrients
• stains gram +

• blocks peptidoglycon synthesis
• cell walls become incomplete
• doesn't work for gram- as well. takes to long to reach peptidoglycan from outer membrane

• digest peptidoglycan
• helps prevent bacteria from entering the body

• phospholipid bilayer
• (internal to cell wall - Peptidoglycan)

• ribosomes (RNA and protein) polyribosomes(chains
• nucleoid (DNA)
• Variety of vacuoles
• -within a cytoplasm

• included in the cytoplasm
• densly compacted matter doesn't dissolve

• created from some vegetative cells. made when living conditions worsen. can live forever hard to destroy.
• when enviroment and nutrients are restored they germinate

• cells that metabolize
• ---endospores are resting stage

hollow projections used to attach bacteria to surfaces

• subunits found externlly to cell wall.
• can be a capsule or slime layer

prevents host defence mechanism like phagocytosis from destroying the bacteria

protects agains drying, traps nutrients, and sometimes bind cells together (helps it to stay close to nutrients)

have a nucleous and membrane bound organelles

dna-rna

rna-amino acids (polypeptides)

• small circular
• transferable to another bacterium
• can integrate in and out of chromosomes

• doesn't have a cell wall
• pleomophic
• strong cell membrane proteins
• -prevents water from rushing in

• movement of molecules through the phopholipid bilayer like oxygen and carbon dioxide from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration
• passive

• polar and uncharged molecules go through proteins
• passive

• movement of water molecules through aqupores
• passive

• energy required
• way cells increase concentration gradiant
• low concentration to high concentration

molecules outside the cell are engulfed and bound in the cell membrane and brought in the cell

molecules inside the cell are bound with the cell membrane and exited through glands

harvest energy stored in molecules

use energy to make molecules

• lowers activatin energy
• active site on enxyme are where the substrate binds to

all biochemical reactions that occur in the cell

cells use enegy, create atp, divide, translate and transcribe

heat adds energy which breaks the hydrogen bonds (protein)reshaping the protein so the substrate can no longer bind to the enzyme

substrate and protein move slower so they won't combin as often until they won't combine at all.

• charges and shape are required for a substrate to bind to an enzyme.
• changing the pH changes the charge on the activation site repelling or attracting each other increasing or decreasing the size of the AS

fits into the activation site but doesn't cause a reaction. just blocks the site

• 3 enzymes
• 1200 substrate
• 12 comp.
• ----still will happen

binds to the surface of the enzyme and distorts the shape of the activation site

• 3 enzymes
• 1200 substrate
• 12 non-comp
• -----reaction won't happen