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What are the four levels of protein structure?
- primary: amino acid sequence
- secondary: alpha helix or beta sheet
- tertiary: 3-D formation of protein chain
- quaternary: interaction between multiple proteins
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Who first discovered the cell?
Robert Hooke
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Who was first to observe a living cell?
Antoni van Leeuwenhoek
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What are the three tenets of cell theory?
- 1. all living organisms are made up of one or more cells
- 2. Cells are the basic unit of life
- 3. All cells arise from preexisting cells
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What are some advantages of multicellularity?
- cells can specialize, allowing for more efficiency and diversity
- organisms can grow larger, allowing for better predation
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What some features of a model organism?
- the organism can reproduce rapidly
- can be bred in a laboratory environment
- can be genetically manipulated
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List the noncovalent interactions that underlie protein folding and where they occur.
- Electrostatic interactions: r-groups in amino acids
- hydrogen bonds: bind amino acid side chains
- Van der Waal forces: binding in the close folds of the protein
- hydrophobic interactions: hydrophobic portions of the protein are folded inside, and hydrophilic regions are outside
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Define ligand.
An entity that is bound by a protein.
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Define proteasome.
An organelle that will unfold and cleave proteins in a cell.
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What is an enzyme?
A protein that binds to a substrate and converts them into a chemically modified product.
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What the three main ways an enzyme encourages catalysis?
- An enzyme can bind to two substrates and align them to encourage a reaction
- An enzyme can bind to a substrate and rearrange electrons in the substrate to create partial charges that favor a reaction.
- An enzyme can strain (bend) a bound substrate to force a transition state that favors a reaction.
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How does a lysosome function?
The lysosome binds to a polysaccharide chain in a bacteria's cell membrane, bends it, add a water molecule, causing it to break. This will cause the cell membrane to rupture.
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What are four major classes of organic molecules in cells?
What are the building blocks for these molecules?
- polysaccharides: sugars/monosaccharides
- lipids: fatty acids
- proteins: amino acids
- nucleic acids: nucleotides
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What are the four nucleotides present in DNA?
- adenine
- thymidine
- guanosine
- cytidine
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Which nucleotides are purines, and what is their structure?
Adenine and guanosine, structure is double-ring.
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Which nucleotides are pyrimidines, and what is their structure?
Thymidine, cytidine, and uracil, structure is a single ring.
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What the nucleotide pairs?
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Describe the amino acid structure.
- n-terminus (amino group) attached to carbon backbone, attached to c-terminus (carboxyl group). R-group that varies attached to top carbon.
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