steph m

• 1. Description
• 2. Explanaton
• 3.Prediction
• 4. Influence (control)

description, explanation, prediction

Influence (control)

Basic: research conducted to seek new knowledge and to explore and advance general scientific understanding

Applied: research conducted specifically to solve practical problems and improve the quality of life.

• 1. Naturalistic Observation
• 2. Laboratory Observation
• 3. Case Study
• 4. Surveys

• -More natural but problems with wait and observational
• - A research method where the subject(s) is(are) observed without interruption under normal or natural circumstances

more control but more expensive, and less like the real world

• -great detail
• -problems with generalizability

-fast and cheap but can be affected by wording and context

Portion of the entire population used to estimate what is likely happening within a population

The entire group to which research is hoping to generalize (e.g., males, adults, U.S. citizens)

Any variable that is not part of a research study but still has an effect on the research result

• 1. selection bias
• 2. the placebo effect
• 3. experimenter bias

confound: something that affects an experiment

-The process of selecting participants for experimental and control groups by using a chance procedure to guarantee that each participant has an equal probability of being assigned to any of the groups: a control for selection bias

A treatment condition used to control for the placebo effect where the treatment has no real effect on its own

Research design that utilizes the most control over subjects and utilizes randomization

The statistic or number representing the degree to which two or more variables are related. Often abbreviated 'r

• -cell body
• -dendrites
• -axon

• -information is carried out of the axon and through the den
• -nuerons differ in myelnation and diameter
• -communication is synaptic
• -sausage type is myelin sheath
• -insulates and speeds information
• -nuerons are not at rest-negative

• -Preforms higher mental functions such as language and special outlines
• -(new brain)

-Emotion and aggressive behavior

-memory consolidation and cognitive maps

- Responsible for the higher mental processes such as language, memory and thinking

• -orientation
• -plasticity means experience changes brain
• -there are gender differences

Was a railroad worker and had an iron pole put through his head, which caused severe psychological changes in him. The iron rod caused frontal lobe damage and severe personality changes. Was a nice guy but changed to rude and impulsive

• -motor cortex- voluntary body movement
• -broca's area- speech production
• -frontal association area-judgement, personality,attention, abstract thoughts

• -samatosensory cortex-orientation
• -plasticity means experience changes brain
• -there are gender differences

-visual cortex (primary) for seeing

• -primary auditory cortex-where we hear
• -wernicke's area-speech reception

The ability of the brain, especially in our younger years to compensate for damage

• Broca's area: speech production
• Wernicke's area: speech reception

• -the area at the end of the occipital lobes where vision is registered
• -if damage is done to one side, in both eyes they will have partial vision because each eye sends information to both the left and right occipital lobes

• -basic life
• -maintaining processes ( medulla, pons, cerebellum, lower brainstem, parts of thalamus, and hypothalamus

• -The four F's of survival
• -amygdala, hippcompus, parts of thalamus, and hypothalamus
• -fighting, feeding, feeling, fucking

• -Higher mental functions
• -amygdala-emotion +agressive behavior
• -hippocompus-memory consolidation and cognitive maps

-The principle that performance on tasks is best when the arousal level is appropriate to the difficulty of the task, high arousal for simpler tasks, moderate arousal for moderate tasks, and lower arousal for complex tasks

• -social motives are learned
• -the need for achievement (nAch) is an internalized standard of excellence
• -high nAch choose difficult, attainable goals
• -work motivation can be increased by:
• 1. reinforcement
• 2.goal setting, difficult yet attainable

Activation

First steps required to achieve goal

Persistence

• Faithful and continued effort put forth in
• working toward a goal

Plan into action and stick with it

Intensity

• Refers to focused energy and attention applied in
• order to achieve the goal

• Intrinsic: internal desire to preform a certain task
• Extrinsic: external source making a person want to do a task such as praise or money

A behavior that is genetically programmed into an entire species. Thus, the behavior is not the result of learning, and can be seen across members of a species.

• Theory based on homeostasis and that there is an optimal level for everything
• A theory of motivation suggesting that biological
• needs create internal states of tension or arousal, called drives, which
• organisms are motivated to reduce

• -Ventromedial Hypothalamus
• -Tells you when you are full

• -Lateral Hypothalamus
• -Tells you when you are hungry

• -low glucose
• -high insulin
• -stomach contractions
• -food present or others eating
• -stress, boredom, time of the day

• -high blood glucose
• -feelings of fullness in the stomach
• -unappetizing food
• -habits, stress

• -low glucose
• -feelings of fullness

• -The amount of energy you expend at rest
• -2/3 of ones daily output of calories

• -Obesity may be inherited
• -Fraternal twins have 32% chance
• -Identical twins have 74% chance to be obese if the other is

-Everyone has a set body temperature and weight that they are supposed to always stay close to

• -A severe restriction of food intake, and excessive thinness
• -Reduction of weight from 15 to 25%
• - Absence of mensturation
• -Distorted attitude

• -binge eating and guilt
• -recurrent binges
• -feelings of lack of control
• -use of vomiting, fasting, laxatives, or exercise to prevent weight gain

• -The need for achievement is an internalized standard of excellence
• -People with a high NACH choose difficult but attainable goals

• -Reinforcement, or incentives
• -Goal setting, difficult yet attainable for high NACH

-Comes from peoples belief of what causes good or bad in the outcome in academics of health

• - Physical
• -Cognitive
• -Behavioral

-physiological arousal

-The interpretation or label that is assigned to feelings

-Expression of feeling

• -Tell us when to enhance or repress emotion bc it is contagious
• -Ex. faking a surprised face if you knew about a surprise party

• -Physical and behavioral causes emotion
• a.Theory
• that emotional feelings result when an individual becomes aware of a
• physiological response to an emotion-provoking stimulus

• b. Physical
• and behavioral causes of emotion

• -Emotion occurs simultaneousness
• a. Emotional-provoking
• stimulus is transmitted simultaneously to the cerebral cortex, providing the conscious mental experience of the sympathetic nervous system, causing the
• physiological arousal

• -Must have physiological and cognitive
• A 2 factor theory stating that for an emotion to occur. There must be:
• Physiological arousal

• A cognitive interpretation or explanation of
• arousal, allowing It to be labeled as a specific emotion

• b. Physiological
• and cognitive

• -Cognitive comes first then physiological
• Cognitive appraisal is the first step in an emotional response and all other aspects of
• an emotion, including physiologically arousal, depend on it
• Cognitive comes first

-Emotion is influenced by facial muscle feedback

• -Lie detectors measure physiological change
• -To fool it, tense during the control questions to throw it off or distract yourself

43 life events from most to least stressful and assigns a point value to each

• Score above a 300 – more likely to suffer a major
• health problem within the next 2 years

150-300 50% chance of becoming ill

Appropriate for adults in north America

• -Life events, or major life changes
• -Micro-stressors- everyday hassles

• -Everyday hassles
• -developed by lazarus

• 1. Approach-Approach
• 2. Avoidance-Avoidance
• 3. Approach-Avoidance

• -Ex. movies, theatre
• -Arises from having to choose between equally
• desirable alternatives
• -What movie to see - small
• -Leave work to raise child – big

• -Ex. studying, cleaning
• -Arises from having to choose between undesirable
• alternatives
• -Avoid studying for exam or avoid failing test

• -Ex. hot fudge sundae, too many calories
• -Same choice has both desirable and undesirable
• features
• -Take a wonderful vacation, but empty savings account

• -Post Traumatic Stress Disorder
• -Is a severe reaction to an extreme event

• 1. Alarm Reaction
• 2. Stage of Resistance
• 3. Stage of Exhaustion

• -The first stage you enter in a traumatic event
• -Ex. Stung by a bee on the arm, whole body goes into a panic
• -Person experiences a bursts of energy that aids
• in dealing with the stressful situation

• -This is the stage where resistance is highest
• -The arm is now swollen from the bee sting, but your whole body is not harmed
• -When there are intense physiological efforts to
• either resist or adapt to the stressor

• -The stage when your body goes back to a general alarm and the whole body is involved again
• - Which occurs if the organism fails in its efforts
• to the stressor

-Lazarus came up with the idea that it is not the stressor that causes stress, but how the person deals with it

• -Primary-Am I ok or in trouble? A cognitive evaluation of deciding if a situation is positive or negative
• -Secondary-Is this in my control? Using available resources and options to deal with stress

• 1. Problem Focused- Go to the source.
• -A direct response aimed at reducing modifying or
• eliminating a source of stress
• 2. Emotion Focused- Manage reaction, do yoga or meditation
• - A response involving reappraisal of a stressor to
• reduce its emotional impact
• 3. Proactive- Effort made beforehand to avoid a conflict

-Coronary Heart Disease

• -Coronary Heart Disease has factors that are both modifiable and non modifiable
• -Modifiable Factors: Smoking, Exercise, Diet
• -Non-Modifiable Factors: Genetics

• -Type A is especially prone towards heart disease
• -A behavior pattern marked by a sense of time urgency, impatience, excessive competitiveness, hostility, anger

Behavior patterns marked by a relaxed ,easy going approach to life, without the time urgency, impatience or hostility type A has

Hostility

-Hostility

-Cancer's stress can be reduced by social support, it is very important-The immune system is effected by stress

• -Not proven scientifically
• -Risks can interfere with traditional treatment
• -Benefits may help or prevent illness but lifestyle change is much better

• -Be optimistic
• -Have a hardy attitude, feel in control
• -Have faith, increase religiousness
• -Get and give social support

-Womens heart health is not viewed as serious as mens