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What is an aggregation of cells of similar structure and function?
tissues
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What is the study of tissues?
histology
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How many principal tissue types are there?
4
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List the four primary tissue types.
epithelial, connective, muscle, & nervous
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What primary tissue type acts as a covering or lining?
epithelial tissue
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What are the two major categories of epithelial tissue?
glandular & membranous
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One side of membranous epithelia (the exposed side) is always exposed to what?
a body surface, lumen, or cavity
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One side of epithelium (the unexposed side) is attached to what?
the basement membrane
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What two factors are used to classify membranous epithelia?
layering or stratification & shape of apical cells
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What are the three classifications of epithelium based on cell layers?
simple, stratified, & pseudostratified
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What are the classificatinos of epithelium based on shape?
squamous, cuboidal, columnar, & transitional
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What type of epithelium consists of a single layer of flattened cells?
simple squamous epithelium
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What type of epithelium consists of a single layer of cells that are as tall as they are wide?
simple cuboidal epithelium
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What type of epithelium is composed of a single layer of tall, narrow cells?
simple columnar epithelium
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What are the two general types of epithelium composed of a single layer of cells that are taller than wide?
ciliated simple columnar epithelium & nonciliated simple columnar epithelium
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Simple nonciliated columnar epithelium often has what finger-like projections?
microvilli
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What is the function of microvilli?
increases the surface area
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What unicellular glands occur within simple columnar epithelium?
goblet cells
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What do goblet cells secrete?
mucus
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What type of epithelium is composed of multiple layers with the apical layer being flat?
stratified squamous epithelium
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What is the function of stratified squamous epithelium?
protect underlying tissues
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What two general types of stratified squamous epithelium occur?
keratinized & non-keratinized
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Where does keratinized stratified squamous epithelium occur?
epidermis
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What type of epithelium is typically composed of two layers with the apical layer being cube-shaped cells?
stratified cuboidal epithelium
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What type of epithelium is composed of two or more layers of cells with the apical layer made of cells taller than they are wide?
stratified columnar epithelium
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What types of epithelium appears to be layered but is not? All of the cells are attached to the basement membrane.
pseudostratified columnar epithelium
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What type of epithelium may be stretched?
transitional epithelium
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Glands arise from epithelial tissue invaginating into what type of underlying tissue?
connective tissue
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What is the function of a gland?
produces substances for use or elimination elsewhere in the body
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What are the two general types of glands?
endocrine & exocrine
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What type of gland releases its product directly into the bloodstream?
endocrine
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What type of gland releases its products onto an epithelial tissue?
exocrine
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What type of tissue supports other tissues both physcially and physiologically and also protects and binds other tissues?
connective tissues
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From which of the primary germ layers does connective tissue arise?
mesoderm
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What are the two broad categories of connective tissue proper?
loose & dense connective tissue proper
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What type of loose connective tissue surrounds nerves, blood vessels, and individual muscle cells?
areolar connective tissue
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Areolar connective tissue forms shiny layers of binding tissue commonly known as what?
fascia
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What type of loose connective tissue is commonly known as "fat"?
adipose connective tissue
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What type of connective tissue forms a meshwork that acts as a structural framework for organs such as the spleen, thymus, and lymph nodes?
reticular connective tissue
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What are the three types of dense connective tissue?
dense regular, dense irregular, & dense elastic
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What type of dense connective tissue is composed of densely packed, parallel collagen fibers?
dense regular
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What type of dense connective tissue is composed of collagen fibers extending in all directions?
dense irregular
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What type of dense connective tissue contains elastic tissue?
dense elastic
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What are the two types of supporting connective tissue?
cartilage & bone
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Which of the two types of supporting connective tissue is more flexible and found where the body needs support and must withstand deformation?
cartilage
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What is the most common type of cartilage?
hyaline
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What type of cartilage has numerous course, readily visible fibers arranged in irregular bundles between large chondrocytes?
fibrocartilage
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What type of cartilage contains numerous elastic fibers?
elastic cartilage
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What type of connective tissue is composed of 1/3 organic components and 2/3 calcium salts?
bone
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What dense irregular connective tissue covers almost all bone surfaces?
periosteum
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There are two forms of bone. Which is solid and forms the outer shell of an individual bone?
cortical bone
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Which type of bone forms a latticework inside of individual bones?
cancellous bone
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What is the fluid connective tissue?
blood
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What is the liquid portion of blood?
plasma
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What type of membrane lines passageways and compartments that open to the exerior?
mucus membrane
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What type of membrane lines enclosed cavities and produces a thin, water fluid?
serous membrane
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Serous membranes have what two parts?
parietal & visceral layers
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What is the largest membrane of the body?
cutaneous membrane
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What type of membran elines the capsules of freely movable joints?
synovial membrane
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What type of muscle tissue has long fibers that are striated, multinucleated, and voluntary?
skeletal muscle tissue
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What type of muscle tissue has short, branched fibers with one or two central nuclei, striations and intercalated discs?
cardiac muscle tissue
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What type of muscle tissue has short, fusiform, nonstriated fibers and is involuntary?
smooth muscle tissue
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What type of cells within neural tissue are specialized to detect stimuli, process information, and rapidly transmit electrical impulses?
neuron
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What are the three main parts of neurons?
cell body, dendrites & axons
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What type of cells within neural tissue specialie in supporting, protecting, and providing a framework for others?
glial cells
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