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What is the process which results in these cells specializing?
differentiation
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The approximately 100 trillion cells that make up the human body arise from what process of cell division that produces two identical daughter cells?
mitosis
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What scientific developmental events take place between conception and birth?
embryology
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What is the 38-week period of development in the female reproductive system?
prenatal period
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What is the study of development during this period?
embryology
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What is the biological specialty that studies anatomical and physiological changes from the conception of a new individual to that individuals death?
developmental biology
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What are the three periods of development from the moment of conception to birth?
pre-embryonic, embryonic, & fetal
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What are haploid cells which are capable of producing a new diploid individual?
gametes
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What are diploid cells which are distinguished from the above cells?
somatic cells
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What is the distinguishing characteristic of human diploid cells?
they contain 23 pairs of chromosomes
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What is the distinguishing characteristic of human haploid cells?
they contain 23 chromosomes
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What type of cell division produces haploid cells?
meiosis
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What type of cell division functions in growth, cell replacement, and wound healing?
mitosis
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How do these two types of cell division differ?
- mitosis produces diploid identical daughter cells with no crossing over
- meoisis produces 4 genetically unique haploid daughter cells with crossing over
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Where in the body does reduction division occur?
gonads
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Why is reduction division important?
maintains correct number of chromosomes & produces variation
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What is a fertilized egg?
zygote
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What period of development ranges from the moment of conception until the completion of implantation into the uterine wall?
pre-embryonic
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What process restores the diploid number of chromosomes, determines the sex of an individual, and initiates cleavage?
fertilization
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Where does fertilization usually take place?
uterine tube
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What series of synchronized mitotic divisions results in an increase in the number of cells?
cleavage
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What is the compacted 16-cell stage of development?
morula
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In what stage do the products of conception enter the uterus?
morula
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What stage of development occurs as fluids enter products of conception?
blastocyst
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What are the two distinct components of this fluid-filled sphere?
trophoblast & embryoblast
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Which of the two distinct components of the blastocyst becomes the embryo?
embryoblast
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What is the process by which the blastocyst burrows into and embeds within the endometrium?
implantation
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When does plantation begin?
by about day 7
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The inner cell mass (embryoblast) divides into two cell layers that form a flat disc. What is the anatomical term for this disc?
bilaminar germinal disc or blastodisc
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What is the collective term for the membranes formed to mediate exchange between the uterus and the embryo?
extraembryonic membranes
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Which membrane forms first and is involved in the formation of blood cells and blood vessels?
yolk sac
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Which membrane forms a fluid-filled sac immediately around the embryo?
amnion
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Which membrane is outermost and eventually forms the placenta?
chorion
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What is the organ of exchange between the mother and the embryo?
placenta
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What two layers of tissue contribute to its formation?
chorion & functional layer of the uterus
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What structure initally connects the embryo to the organ of exchange?
connecting stalk
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What does the connecting stalk develop into?
umbilical cord
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What stalklike structures form from the chorion?
chorionic villi
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In the placenta do the mother's blood and the embryo's blood mix?
no
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What is the common name for the placenta?
afterbirth
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What process results in the formation of three primary germ layers?
gastrulation
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What are the three primary germ layers?
ectoderm, mesoderm, & endoderm
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Using the definition of the authrs of your text, when does the blastocyst become an embryo?
when the trilaminar structure is formed
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The embryo is initially a flat disc. When does it become a cylinder?
late 3rd and 4th weeks
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What type of folding results in the formation of the head and the buttocks?
cephalocaudal folding
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What type of folding results in the formation of the torso?
transverse folding
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What structures form the ectoderm?
nervous system & other external layers
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What inductive action transforms a portion of the ectoderm into a hollow tube which develops into the nervous system?
neurulation
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What si the process by which organs develop?
organogenesis
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What are substances that may cause birth defects?
teratogens
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During what time period does the fetal period occur?
3rd month to birth
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