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Microorganisms include what?
- Algae
- Archaea
- Bacteria
- Fungi
- Helminths
- Protozoa
- Viruses
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Microorganisms... or...
Microbes
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Disease causing organisms
Pathogens
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How long after the first bacteria was seen did it take to prove microbes caused disease?
200 years
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What are the characteristics of Protozoa?
- Protist
- Eukaryotic
- Unicellular
- No cell walls (usually)
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What do Helminths include?
- Roundworms
- Tapeworms
- Flukes
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What are B Vitamins essential for?
Metabolism
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What is important about industrial microbes?
Man has harnessed them to produce useful things
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How many species have been identified on Earth?
1.8 Million
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Van Leeuwenhoek is often called what?
The Father of Microbiology
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What do Medical Microbes do?
- Protect Health
- or
- Cause Disease
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What do our normal microbiota include?
Microbes, mostly bacteria, that live in or on us pemanently
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Protists are what?
A grab bag of species that don't belong to other eukaryotic kingdoms
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What ar some characteristics of Fungi?
- Eukaryotic
- Cell Walls
- Contain Chitin
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Most microbes on Earth are what?
Environmental
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What are major groups of Fungi?
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The study of Viruses
Virology
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What do our normal microbiota do?
- Crowd out pathogens
- Produce acids
- Produce vitamins
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How many species of bacteria are there?
6,200
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There are less species of what?
Archaea
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First living microbes were observed when?
1673
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How small are microbes?
Too small to be seen with the naked eye
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Species in domain Eukarya can be assigned to one of what 4 kingdoms?
- Plantae
- Animalia
- Fungi
- Protista
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Molds & Mushrooms are what?
Yeasts are what?
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What do industrial microbes do?
Produce chemicals (citric acid), Foods (bread, yogurt), Medical Products (insulin, antibiotics)
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Vitamins we absorb are produced by what?
Intestinal Bacteria
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What vitamins are produced by intestinal bacteria?
- Vitamin K
- Several B Vitamins
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Study of parasites
Parasitology
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What are the characteristics of Archaea?
- Prokaryotic
- Unicellular
- No Peptidoglycan in cell walls
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Parisitologists usually study what?
- Helminths
- Parasitic Protozoa
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What do photosynthetic microbes include?
- Algae
- Photosynthetic Bacteria
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What are the characteristics of Helminths?
- Eukaryotic
- Multicellular
- no cell walls
- not microscopic
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What are major groups of protists?
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What is Vitamin K necessary for?
Blood Clotting
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What are the characteristics of Bacteria?
- Prokaryotic
- Unicellular
- Cell Walls with Peptidoglycan
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What are the characteristics of Algae?
- Protist
- Eukaryotic
- Unicellular
- Cell Walls have Cellulose
- Photosynthetic
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What are major groups of Anamilia?
Helminths
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Study of Bacteria
Bacteriology
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What are environmental microbes?
- Saprophyte
- Photosynthetic Microbes
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What are the 4 most abundant elements in living organisms?
Hydrogen, Carbon, Nitrogen, Oxygen
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What percent of weight is made up by the 4 elements in living organisms?
95%
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What element is the single most abundant by weight in living organisms?
Oxygen
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When do molecules form?
atoms become held together by chemical bonds
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Chemical bonds can be... ?... or ?...
- Covalent (share e-)
- Ionic (opposite charges)
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Weak, temporary bonds
hydrogen bonds
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Why is water a good solvent?
Forms plentiful hydrogen bonds
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What helps DNA and proteins keep their shape?
hydrogen bonds
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Ph is used to indicate what?
How much hydrogen there is in a solution
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Increasing H+ ...
lower pH
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Acidic solutions have... ?
Basic... ?
- Higher H+ concentration
- Lower H+ concentration
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Important for structure and used as energy sources?
Carbohydrates
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Carbohydrates can be... ?
- Monosaccharides
- Disaccharides
- Polysaccharides
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Chitin is what?
Polymer of modified glucoses
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Glucose can be used as what by nearly all organisms?
Glucose
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The breakdown of glucose releases energy that can be recaptured to form...
ATP
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Breaking the bonds in ATP provides energy for what?
Numerous cellular activites & chemical reactions
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Includes fats/oils, sterols, phospholipids
Lipids
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Broad, fat lipids found in cell membranes to help stabilize it
sterols
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Who observed the first microbe?
Van Leewenhoek
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Where do saprophytes get their nutrients?
dead and decaying material
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Where do parasites get their nutrients?
living hosts
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What are ions?
- charged atoms
- simple compounds
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Number of protons determine what?
the element
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The number of neutrons determine what?
the isotope
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What do electrons deermine?
the chemical properties of an atom
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What part of an atom takes part in a chemical reaction?
electron
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What do environmental microbes do?
- Decompose organic waste
- Produce oxygen
-
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Each microorganism has what?
Genus & species name
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All species on Earth belong to one of what three domains?
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What species are prokaryotic?
Eukaryotic?
- Bacteria & Archaea
- Eukarya
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How many elements are required by living organisms?
about 26
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Major sterol in the cell membranes of animals
Cholesterol
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Major sterol in the cell membranes of fungi
ergosterol
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What species cell membranes do not have sterol?
Bacteria
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What proteins are important in metabolism?
enzymes
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Why are proteins important?
- Metabolism (enzymes)
- Transport (nutrients across membrane)
- Movement (flagella)
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What are proteins?
Polymers of amino acids
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What is the covalent bond that holds amino acids together?
peptide bonds
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How many amino acids are found naturally in living organisms?
20
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The 3D shape of proteins is essential for what?
function
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What is denaturation caused by?
-
What does denaturation cause?
Why?
- loss of funcion
- 3D shape is lost
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What are nucleic acids?
polymers of nucleotides
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What forms the backbone in DNA & RNA?
Sugar and Phosphate
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Where does the base of a protein point?
Away from the strand
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Bases of DNA?
RNA?
- Adenine
- Thymine
- Cytosine
- Guanine
Uracil
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What does DNA do?
RNA?
- Carries info to make protein & carries cells genetic info
- Assists making proteins
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What holds together the strands of DNA?
hydrogen bonds
-
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ATP is converted to ADP which...
releases energy
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What is ATP?
energy provider in cells of all organisms
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Where is ATP produced in Eukaryotes?
Prokaryotes?
- Mitochondria
- Cell Membrane
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Total Magnification
obj. lens x ocu. lens
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What is resolution?
ability to see small details
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What are fluorescent microscopes used for?
Quickly identify microbes in complex samples (like clinical specimens)
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What is a negative stain?
Stains slide and not capsule - the unstained spheres will indicate presence of capsule
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How are specimens prepared for a scanning electron microscope?
coated with a heavy metal
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Why is an acid-fast stain good for mycobacterium?
mycobacterium have a think waxy layer, mycolic acid, that resist penetration
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How can capsules be seen?
using a negative stain
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One species of mycobacterium causes tuberculosis the other causes what?
leprosy
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Magnets are used as what to direct the beam of electrons?
lens
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How does an electron microscope work?
uses electrons instead of light to illuminate the object
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Why is oil immersion used?
because light refracts when it exits slide and misses small lens
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When is a darkfield microscope useful?
when cells are alive or unstained
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What does immersion oil do?
keeps light from refracting
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Why are light microscopes used?
illuminate specimen
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What makes the difference in Gram + and Gram - ?
thick layer of peptidoglycan makes it hard to remove crystal violet
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An acid-fast stain is good for what species?
mycobacterium
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In-phase light appears...?
Out-of-phase...?
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When it comes to finer detail a phase-contrast microscope is better than what?
brightfield
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What is the magnification of a transmissioin electron microscope?
10,000 - 100,000x
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What kind of specimens must be used for a scanning electron microscope?
whole specimens
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Electron microscope images are what color?
black/white ... color is added by computer software
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What gives better resolution?
shorter wavelengths of light
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Why is it difficult to use unstained specimens on a brightview microscope?
Bright background and almost clear cell
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What is the field of view on a brightfield microscope?
Darkfield?
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What is the limit of magnification on light microscopes?
2,000x
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What is the magnification on a scanning electron microscope?
1,000 - 10,000x
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Short wavelengths of electrons give what in electron microscopes?
- higher magnification
- better resolution
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What kinds of specimens are used in transmission electron microscopes?
ultrathin sections
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What is a specimen that would be viewed under a fluorescent microscope?
Mycrobacterium tuberculosis
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How does a scanning electron microscope work?
beams of electron scan specimen surface and light reflects around it
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Why are endospores very tough survival structures?
they resist penetration by stain so heat loosens coat and allows stain to enter
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How do electron microscopes work?
electron sensors detect electron patterns and put image on a screen
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What does a phase-contrast microscope do?
shows differences in phase of light going through specimen
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What is a capsule?
slimy layer of polysaccharides that surrounds cells of some bacteria
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Flagella is coated with what and why?
mordant - they are usually too thin to be seen with a light microscope and mordant thickens it enough to be seen
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In fluorescence microscopes cells are stained with what?
fluorescent dye
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What does an endospore stain require?
heat to drive stain into endospore
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How do transmission electron microscopes work?
electrons pass through specimen and allows internal view of structure
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How do Gram Stains work?
use multiple stains so different cells appear differently at the end
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How does the Gram Stain process work?
- Crystal Violet enters cells
- Iodine enters cells and binds to crystal violet
- Alcohol enters and removes crystal violet
- Safrinin stains rest of cells
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Phase-contrast microscope increases... ?
Improves?
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Gram Stains use what 4 stains?
- primary
- mordant
- decolorizer
- counterstain
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A Gram Stain is what kind of stain?
a differential stain
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What is done to the specimen for a transmission electron microscope?
strained with a heavy metal to make it more dense
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What is the resolution limit on light microscopes?
0.2 micrometers
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What size are most bacterial cells?
1-8 micrometers
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