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Procaryotic Bacteria
Lack membrane bound organalles
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Eucaryotic bacteria
Have membrane bound organaelles
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membrane bound organaelles
eucaryotic bacteria
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Bacteria that lack membrane bound organalles
procaryotic
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Bacteria and blue-green algae are
Procaryotic
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What are organaelles
little organs
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Name five characteristics of Bacteria
Procaryotic or Eucaryotic, Reproduction, Metabolism, Iritability, Mutation.
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What is metabolism
conversion of food into energy, cell wall, enzymes.
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What is Mutation
An abserable change in DNA, has to be measurable, from the mother cell, one generation to another.
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Give one example of mutation
Mongolizism
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What is Irritability
The ability to respond to a stimulus
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What are four type of asexual reproduction
Fission, Budding, Fragmentation, and Sporulation
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One example of fission
Bacteria
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One example of budding
Yeast
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One example of Fragmentation
Algae
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One example of Sporulation
molds and fungi
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What is the credical number
The number of spors that a fungus can hold before it bust
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Pseudo sexual
False sexual reproduction
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One type of bacteria Pseudo sexual reproduction
conjugation
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Conjugation
is the transfer of a portion of DNA from one pili to another without produceing offspring
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Spontanious mutation happens
within the cell
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induced mutation happens
outside the cell
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What can caues mutations
UV light, chemicals, chronicly irritated cells, and viruses
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Transformation is
The Free exchange of DNA to cause a mutation
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Transduction is
The exchange of DNA using a viruse to cause a mutation
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What are the 4 phases of the growth curve of a bacterial cell
Latent phase, Log phase, Stationary phase, and Decline phase
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Latent phase is
Small amount of growth
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Log phase is
Exponential growth of bacterial cell, growing by powers of 10.
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A bacteria that is growing quickly is in a phase called
The Log phase
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The Stationary phase is
When the number of births equal the number of deaths in a bacerial cell.
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What cause bacterial cells to go down in the growth curve.
Lack of nutrients, waist, PH changes, and changes in temp.
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What is the Decline Phase
The decrease of bacterial cells.
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Why do we use microbes in research
1. They have shout generation time (GT), 2. Take up little space, 3.Take little nurient (inexpensive).
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What is the generation time for humans
20 years
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Robert Koch
invented the 1st anthrax vaccine.
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Anthrax is caused by
Bacillius Anthracis
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Joseph Lister
Developed the 1st pure culture technic
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Louie Pasture
Father of modern day micro bi. Developed the first Rabbies vaccine.
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Rabbies is caused by
The Rabdo Virus
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Illi Metchnikoff
Russian sientist, First to observe pagocytosis.
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Enders, Robbins and Weller
Developed the 1st live tissue culture
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Jonas Salk
Developed the 1st Polio vaccine, it had to be injected.
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Lewis Sabin
Developed the 1st oral Polio vaccine.
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Polio is caused by
The picona virus
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List 10 ways to ID bacterial cells
- 1. Cultural characteristic
- 2. Cell Morphology
- 3. Stains
- 4. Biochemical Reactions
- 5. Serology
- 6. Genetic Meterial
- 7. Gaseus Requirements
- 8. Spore Producer
- 9. Capsule
- 10.Flagella
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ID bacterial cells by Cultural characteristic include
- Raised vs Flat
- Mucoid vs Dry
- Pigment vs Non pigment
- Motile vs Non motile
- Opaque vs Transparent
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ID bacterial cells by Cell Morphaology (study of shapes)
Rods, Cocci, Diplococcus, Staphlococcus, Streptococcus, Spirillum.
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Diplococcus
Two cell stuck together
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Staphlococcus
Cluster of cell
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Streptococcus
several cells in a line
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Spirillum
cork screw shaped
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Treponem pallidum causes
Syphilus
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Staining
We can ID a bacterial cell on the basis of their stain
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What is the primary stain for the gram stain
crystal viloet
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What is the counter stain for the gram stain
Safranin
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What is the mordent for gram stain
Gram's iodine
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What is the decolorizer for gram staining
95% ethanol alcohol
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What color is gram positve stain
Blue
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What color is gram negitive stain
Red
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ID bacterial cells by Biochemical Reactions are
Chemical reactions accuring in a living cell
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ID bacterial cells by Serology
The use of anti-sera to ID a bacterium
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ID bacterial cells by Genetic meterial
Nitrogenous Bases / DNA molecule
- A-Adenine
- T-Thymine
- C-Cytosice (Cytosine)
- G-Guanine
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ID bacterial cells by Gaseus Requirements
- 1. Aerobic-lives with water
- 2. Anaerobic- lives without water
- 3. Facultative- lives with or without water
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Aerobic bacterial cells live
with water
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Anaerobic bacterial cells live
Without water
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Facultative baterial cells live
With or without water
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ID bacterial cells by Spore producer
The presents of a spore
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Endospore
The spore is somewhere within the rod
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Terminal Spore
The spore is on one end of the rod or the other
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What is the spore for in bacteria
Survival
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What are the 4 Flagella Arrangements
- 1. Monotrichous
- 2. Peritrichous
- 3. Lophotrichous
- 4. Bipolar
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ID bacterial cells by the presents of a capsule
Can be Protein or Polysaccharide
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ID bacterial cells by their Flagella
- Monotrichous - one hair of the rod
- Peritrichous - surrounding the rod
- Lophotrichous - many at one end of the rod
- Bipolar - Several at each end of the rod
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Mycobacterium Leprae causes what desease
Lepracy
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What makes the best antigens
Protiens
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What type of microscopes is use when the organism is lite up, you don't have to stain it
Dark field light microscopes
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The only acid fast staining genus on the planet
Mycobacterium
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What is the nitrogenous base that bonds with thymine in the DNA molecule
Adenine
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What type of light microscope uses a 3 ring system that gives a 3-D image
Phase contrast
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What type of flagella arrangement where you have a multipicity at one end of a rod
Lophotrichous
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What is the name of the nitrogenous base that bonds with Cytosine in the DNA molecule
Guanine
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What is the name of the structure that is highly suseptable to temp changes, PH change, chemical, that grow along the rod
Endospore
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What type of microscope is used where the image is dark, dye is used, and oil is needed.
Bright field light microscope
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What are the two types of microscopes
- Electron microscope
- Light microscope
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What is the resolving power of a microscope
lamda over 2NA
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Lamda stands for
light wavelength
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2NA stands for
2 numerical apriture
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wavelenght measured in angstrums
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Resolving power is indirectly propotional to what
magnifications
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Electron microscope
Can magnify 20,000x
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Adulteration
when something (dye) is added to a cell, to change its apperance.
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Microscope used to study antigen antibody reactions
Florescent Light Microscope
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Anything that stimulates antibody reactions
antigens
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Protien produced by lymphoctes in respone to an antigen
antibodies
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Phase Contrast microscope
3 ring system that gives a 3-D image
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What color does staphlacoccus aureuse turn on blood agar
gold
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As the resolving power goes up
magnification goes down
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as magnification goes up
resolving power goes down
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As the NA goes up
RP goes down
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As the NA goes down RP goes up
magnification goes down
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As the NA goes up, RP goes down
magnification goes up
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As lamda goes up, RP goes up
magnification goes down
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As lamda goes down, RP goes down
magnification goes up
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Hanging drop slide is used
to study motility and low light intensity
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Name three Simple Stains
- 1. Negative stain
- 2. Fat stain
- 3. Capsule stain
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What is used on a negative stain
Nigrosine dye, oil, do not adulterate
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What type of light and dye is used for hanging drop slide
Low light intensity, no dye
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What dye is used for Fat staining
Sudan black
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What type of lense and oil is used in hanging drop slide
High dry lense (40x), no oil
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What factory efect a gram stain
Washing, culture age, and antibiotics
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What stains intracellular organalles
Fat stains
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What dye is used on a capsule stain
1% crystal violet
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What wash is used in a capsule stain
20% copper sulfate
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What is the primary stain us on Acid fast staining
Carbo fushion (red)
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What is the mordent used in Acid fast staining
Steam
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What is the decolorizer in acid fast staining
acid alcohol (HCL) 95% ethanal alcohol
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What is the counter stain used in Acid fast staining
Methlene blue
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Non acid fast stains
blue
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In Spore staining, what is the primary stain
maladite green
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In Spore staining, what is the mordant
steam heat
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In Spore staining, what is the decolorizer
H2O, water
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In Spore staining, what is the counter stain
Safranin
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In Spore staining, the rods stained
red
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In Spore staining, spores stained
green
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What is the opt age for a culture
18 to 21hr
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What is the function of mordant
makes the dye stick to the cell wall
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Spheroplast
any bacterial cell with a parcial cell wall
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Protoplast
any bacterial cell with no cell wall
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How do antibiotics effect the outcome of a gram stain
It digest holes in the cell wall
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Always capitalize
Always underline
(unless it is in italics)
Geneus
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Never capitalize
(unless it is named for a famous person)
Aways underline
(unless it is in italics)
Species
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The scientific name is made up of
Geneus name + Species name
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Three Scientific name
- Escherichea coli
- Staphlacoccus aureuse
- Staphlacoccus epidermis
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Name the four types of light microscopes
- 1. Bright field light microscope
- 2. Dark field light microscope
- 3. Florescent light microscope
- 4. Phase contrast light microscope
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Oil has the same reflective index as
glass
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