bio 242 test 1

brain and spinal cord
control, runs the whole body
integrative and control centers
electrical/chemical communication
very fast and specific
input > decision making > response

sensory=________
-bringing info into CNS, internal or external

attaches to brain and every other part of body

information from internal muscular area

communication between body and CNS
cranial nerves (from brain) and spinal nerves (exit intervertebral foramina)

afferent, anything coming into CNS, signals go up, visceral

efferent, anything going away from CNS, signals go down, somatic

if you break a bone, _________ sensory tells brain "ouch"
musculoskeletal system (muscles, bones, tendons, ligaments)

organs: hunger, thirst, full bladder, etc

conducts impulses from CNS to effectors (muscles and glands)

-involuntary, ex: cannot change your heart rate
-visceral motor
-conducts impulses from CNS to cardiac muscles, smooth muscles, and glands

which system?

speeds body up except digestion, fight or flight, survival
-cold remedies mimic sympathetic actions but do not cure

sypmathetic/parasympathetic

slows us down, conserves energy, restful state to be in

sypmathetic/parasympathetic

excitable cells, very high maintenance > cannot reproduce if damaged, once it's gone it's gone forever/require constant oxygen and glucose- if cut off for just a few minutes they will die

incoming area of neurons (receptive)

only one exit of neuron

support cells for neurons (6 types), support protect and nourish neurons

made of cholesterol, surrounds axon, makes impulses move very fast

leaps from node to node, very fast and efficent

myelin sheath is deteriorating, impulse is slower if you get hurt

extra neurons in between sensory and motor neurons

gates in our system that we can open or close depending in circumstances we are in, always go from area of higher concentration to lower concentration

chemical gate, opens and closes depending on chemicals

gate that opens and closes in response to electricity

gate that opens and closes in response to touch and pressure

gate that always stays open

inside is more negative than positive outside, difference of -70 millivolts

most important ion in nerve conduction

reduction in membrane potential, inside of membrane becomes less negative than resting potential, ex: change from -70 mV to -65 mV

membrane potential increases, becoming more negative than the resting potential, ex: change from -70 mV to -75 mV

space between neurons

secreted by end of axon, next neuron to it will respond, binding opens ion channels resulting in graded potentials

if it is _________, it will cause depolarization

if it is _________, it results in hyperpolarization

we have the most complex cerebral cortex

specialization of certain functions

skilled, voluntary, conscious movement


which motor area?

control of learned movement, ex: pen and paper > learn how to write


which motor area?

motor for speech


which motor area?

motor to the eyes, muscles for eye movement


which motor area?

sensations from musculoskeletal system, ex: close eyes and you still know where your elbow is


which sensory area?

you are aware of what you're doing, can be measured, most concentration in hands and feet

interpretation, to understand what certain input means, ex: if you touch a sponge with your eyes closed, you still know its a sponge


which sensory area?

surrounds primary visual cortex, covers most of occipital lobe, uses past visual experiences to interpret visual stimuli


which sensory area?

what does a sound mean, perception of what a word means, ex: sirens=bad


which sensory area?

smell cortex > memory > very powerful with memories


which sensory area?

perception of taste stimuli


which sensory area?

conscious perception of sensations in the organs, ex: upset stomach, full bladder, and feeling that lungs will burst if you hold your breath too long


which sensory area?

conscious awareness of balance


which sensory area?

memory and meaning to all our input


which association area?

most complex learning occurring, prefrontal cortex, personaltiy


which association area?

takes all input around you and makes sense of it


which association area?

emotions and memories


which association area?

cerebral white matter in brain

motor function, controls starting and stopping of movement

diencephalon

gateway to cerebral cortex, sorts and edits all input, ex: auditory goes to hearing, etc
*part of diencephalon

visceral control center (organs): temperature, hunger, thirst; basic functioning that we do not have to think about
*part of diencephalon

sleep/wake cycle, biological clock
*part of diencephalon

survival in terms of fight or flight
produces dopamine
involved in pain suppression
*part of brain stem

relay area, lets cerebellum and motor cortex know what is going on (muscle control)
*part of brain stem

reflex center > cannot hold breath and kill yourself, ________ _______ will make you breathe

crossing over of nerve tracts (left brain controls right side of body, vice versa)

most sensitive to alcohol > close eyes/touch nose, not something you can control, involuntary

no specific anatomical position
brain arousal, alertness
only time not working, when in a coma
alcohol can suppress/damage
filters sensory input

interpreted in left hemisphere


language/body language

interpreted in right hemisphere


language/body language

skull
meninges
CSF
blood brain barrier: tubes that lead blood into brain and protect it from toxic substances
*still very delicate even with all of these protecting it

if neurons don't get enough oxygen/glucose (blockage or weakness of blood vessels), usually have warning signs called TIA (transient ischemic attack)
-brain injury

Alzheimer's, Parkinson's disease
-has to do with starting/stopping of basal nuclei
_brain injury

cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacrum, and coccyx

holes in middle of bones of spine, nerves exit through here

lots of nerves bunched together

nerve from cervical plexus, has to do with breathing > hiccups

caused by lack of oxygen

sensory receptors and sensation

any change in environment (external or internal)

receptor for touch (stretch, pressure, vibration)

receptor for temperature

receptor for vision

receptor for chemicals, ex: oxygen levels

pain, when stimulated > damage to whatever tissue is hurting

where you are in space
1. receptor level
2. circuit level (ascending/afferent)- located @spinal cord
3. perceptual level- located @top of brain

whatever the input is; hot, cold, etc

how we perceive the input to be, interpretation of pain

cannot smell through ears

wraps individual axon

a bunch of individually wrapped axons

wraps fassicle

wraps around all fassicles

front of nerves, motor

back of nerves, sensory

tell us where problem is in spine from skin innervation if we track them

located in cerebellum and basal nuclei, regulate motor activity > programs and instructions, modified by feedback

spinal cord under direct control of ___________ level, convey information to lower motor neurons

lowest level of motor hierarchy, consists of spinal cord circuits

components of a reflex arc

born with these reflexes, automatic
do not have to tell digestion system to digest

do not involve brain, just spinal cord


_______ reflexes

keep muscles at correct muscle lengths


_______ reflex

automatic, prevents over stretching/damage to tissue

_______ reflex

protection

_______ reflex

balance

_______ reflex

1. plantar reflex
2. babinski
3. umbilical
-skin/cutaneous

biggest difference between ANS and somatic system= _______ of nerve transmission (no myelin in ANS)

skeletal muscle, can only be stimulated
-effector organs

smooth/cardiac muscles, glands, can be stimulated or inhibited

support and protect neurons

________ nerve is part of the lumbosacral plexus

________ nerve is part of the brachial plexus

________ nerve is part of the cervical plexus

craniosacral
originate in brain and sacrum
-D's: digestion, defecation, diaeresis

sym/parasym

thoracolumbar
originates in spinal cord
-E's: excitement, embarrassment

parasym/sym

boss, overall integration, you can simply think of something and feel emotion for it

ANS can dilate or constrict blood vessels

when blood vessels are too constrictred

caused by too much vasoconstruction