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What are some characteristics that are "uniquely human"?
- Fractionated hand movement
- Symbolic thought
- Personality
- Conscience
- Self-awareness
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What are the vertical axes of the cerebral cortex dedicated to?
Individual sensory modalities that are considered to be the functional unit of the cortex.
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What are the 3 phylogenic categories based on horizontal organization?
- Achicortex
- Paleocortex
- Neocortex
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What is Archicortex?
- Oldest
- 2 cell layers
- Hippocampus
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What is Paleocortex?
- Old
- 3 cell layers
- olfactory cortex
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What is Neocortex?
- New
- 6 cell layers
- Most of frontal, parietal, temporal, and occipital cortex
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The horizontal axis has 3 _____ and _____ layers
Input and Output
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What are types of cerebral cortex areas?
- Specialized areas
- Association areas
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What do specialized areas do?
Form the control centers for specific functional systems (primary projection regions)
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What are association areas for?
Responsible for integrating input from specialized areas
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What are the 3 types of white matter?
- Interhemispheric
- Intrahemispheric
- Projection
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Describe Interhemispheric white matter
- Commissural Fibers
- Connect functionally related areas from two hemispheres
- Largest fiber bundle in the nervous system
- Includes: Corpus Callosum, Anterior and Posterior Commissures
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Describe Intrahemispheric white matter
- Association Fibers
- Project anterior-posteriorly connecting functionally relates areas within the same hemisphere
- -External capsule
- -Extreme capsule
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Describe Projection Fibers
- Corticopetal (fibers from outside into the cerebral cortex)
- Corticofugal (cortex to downstream targets)
- Internal Capsule
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What characteristics does the left hemisphere contain?
- Verbal
- Sequential
- Analytical
- Detail
- Rational
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What characteristics does the right hemisphere contain?
- Nonverbal
- Spatial
- Perceptive
- Holistic
- Emotional
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What is Aphasia?
Disorder of language
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What is Apraxia?
Difficulty performing learned skilled movements
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What is Agnosia?
Inability to know (recognize) familiar objects/sounds
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What are the primary clinical aspects of the cerebral cortex?
- Stroke
- Seizure disorder
- Alzheimer's Disease
- Psychiatric disorders (e.g. Schizophrenia)
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Define Dysarthria
Impairment in the execution of speech and often occurs without a disorder of language (lesion of craial nerves or other motor areas)
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Speech and hearing are not a requisite for what?
Language development in left hemisphere
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What are some other synonyms for Broca's aphasia?
Nonfluent, motor, productive, expressive or anterior aphasia
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What functionally happens to cause Broca's aphasia?
Pattern for sounds and for the structure of language are not passed on to the motor cortex
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How can Broca's aphasia present?
- Comprehension preserved
- Speech is not fluent
- Language production ranges from nearly complete muteness to slowed, deliberate speech
- Use only key words
- Generally aware of errors
- Reading and writing (like speech) is abnormal
- Almost always with Right hemiparesis and homonymous hemianopsia (due to anatomy)
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What are some synonyms for Wernicke's aphasia?
Fluent, sensory, receptive, or posterior aphasia
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What functionally happens to cause Wernicke's aphasia?
Words reacing the auditory cortex fail to activate Wernicke's area and are not comprehended.
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How can Wernicke's Aphasia present?
- Deficit in comprehension
- Speech is fluent
- Language is normal in rate, rhythm, and melody
- May use wrong words
- Add additional syllables to words or words with phrases
- Neologisms (made up words)
- Press of speech (excessive language)
- "Empty speech"
- Generally unaware of impairment
- Inabillity to repeat words/phrases
- Severe reading and writing disabilities
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What joins Broca's and Wernicke's areas?
Arcuate Fasciculus
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What is Global Aphasia?
Combination of both productive and receptive aphasia with a complete loss of the ability to comprehend spoken or written language, as well as express language verbally or orthographically
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Describe signs of Conduction Aphasia
- Damage to arcuate fasciculus
- Fluent with many paraphasic errors
- Comprehension is good
- Impaired ability to repeat
- Naming impaired
- Reading aloud impaired but silent reading is good
- Poor spelling
- Other aphasias
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Define Apraxia:
Inability to perform previously learned movements in the absence of weakness, sensory loss, or impairment of language comprehension
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Name 3 types of apraxias:
- Ideomotor apraxia
- Ideational apraxia
- Kintec (Motor) apraxia
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Define Ideomotor Apraxia
- Inability to perform complex motor tasks despite awareness of the intended task
- Can perform many complex tasks automatically but cannot carryout the same tasks on command
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Define Ideational Apraxia
Inability to carry out sequences of acts, althought individual movements can be made correctly
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What causes Ideomotor apraxias?
Due to a lesion of the supramarginal gyrus in the dominant hemisphere
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What causes Ideational apraxias?
Due to lesion of the parietal lobe in the dominant hemisphere or the corpus callosum
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Define Kinetic (Motor) Apraxia
Inability to perform fine learned movements in the absence of weakness or sensory loss.
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What causes Kinetic Apraxia?
Due to bilateral lesion (disease) of the frontal lobes
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Define Gnosis:
Process of knowing or comprehension involving comparison of current sensory data with past experience
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Define Agnosia
Failure to recognize stimuli when appropriate sensory systems function properly
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Name 3 types of agnosias
- Visual agnosia
- Tactile agnosia
- Auditory agnosia
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Define Visual Agnosia
Failure to recognize objects visually in the absence of impairment of visual acuity or cognition
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What can cause visual agnosia?
Due to bilateral lesion of temporal aspect of visual unimodal association areas
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What is Prosopagnosia?
Agnosia of familiar faces
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Define Tactile Agnosia
Inability to recognize objects by touch when tactile and proprioceptive sensations remain intact
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What can cause tactile agnosia?
Due to lesion of supramarginal gyrus
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Define auditory agnosia
Failure to recognize specific sounds, including speech, music, and familiar noises with intact hearing
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What can cause auditory agnosia?
Due tobilateral lesions of osterior part of the superior temporal gyrus
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Define Alexia/dyslexia:
disruption of abillity to read (acquired and congenital, respectively)
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Define Agraphia:
Inability to write
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What can cause Neglect Syndrome?
- Usually caused by a lesion of the parietal lobe in the non-dominant (spatial) hemisphere (right)
- Can be associated with hemianopsia
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Define Seizure Disorders
Produced by the failure of surround inhibition leading to synchronized discharge of a group of cortical columns
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Define petite mal
Produced by the synchronized discharge of a "small" number of cortical columns.
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Define grand mal
Produceed by the synchronized discharge of both hemispheres
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What are some of the anatomical changes in Schizophrenia?
Some patients exhibit enlarged lateral ventricles, enlarged third ventricles and widening of sulci
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