• 2-6 months showed main expressions of "distress"
• 2nd expression "anger" (but it was relatively short)
• 18 months - main expression in anger
• brief "distress" exp. (this could be because they now have some control of the world around them)
Lewis Exp
2 month old infants learns to pull string that causes music When the string no longer works (and then monitor the babies exp)
They show angry faces and fussing
Arm movements correlated with anger expression
String is made to work again (show individual difference)
The babies that showed more anger relearned more quickly and showed more joy
Babies that showed sadness did not learn as quickly nor show as much joy
Anger - obstacle related
frustration
failure to receive expected gratification
unpleasant mood
aggressive behaviors
Dollard
Frustration <–> Aggression
innate
occurs regardless
• Of effectiveness of behaviors
• of moral legitimacy
contrasts with Aristotle and Fxnalist
Perceived injustice
Economists and Ultimatum Game
Dictator Game
Monkeys (Bosman)
Mitigation Information
Justification
excuses
apologies
Economists and Ultimatum Game
economists think that people are rational and will make decisions based on all the information they have, however they do realize they are not always rational
Proposer divides the $ Respondent accepts or rejects
Acceptance - get $
Rejection no $
Nash Equilibrium (?) solution
you should keep 9.95 and the other person should take .05 becuase that is rational
Modal Offer
50% of $
Results of Ultimatum Game
Lowball offers are often rejected
Why do ppl reject? SPITE
Cameron
Indonesians played for 200,000 rupees (3 mo. salary)
Modal Offer: 50% 5
Lowball offers reflected 10% of the time
The greater the anger you felt the more likely you are to reject
Dictator Game
Offers are less equal than Ultimatium game
Rarely offer nothing
Monkeys (Bosman)
(innate sense of fairness and have an aversion to inequity)
inequality conditions less likely to exchange token for cucumber
why? because they also live in groups because there are advantages
Is Spite Fxnal?
if interactions are repeated, maybe in long-term interest to retaliate
fxn - deter others from mistreating you in future interactions
Anger Management (video)
no evidence that letting your anger out actually helps
in the experiment - did NOT decrease aggression it actually increased it.