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What is pH?
negative logarithm of hydrogen ion concentration of [H+]
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Whats is considered neutral, acidic, and basic?
- lower than 7 = acidic
- at 7 - neutral
- higher than 7 = basic
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When its acid, is the [H+] increase or decrease? basic?
- acidic, [H+] increases
- basic, [H+] decreases
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What's the pH level of ocean, pure rainwater, and soda?
- ocean - 8
- pure rainwater - 5.5
- soda - 2
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What organisms loves acidic? what's the pH range?
Acidophiles, pH 0 - 5.5
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What organisms loves basic/alkaline? pH level?
alkalophile, pH 8.5 and higher
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What organisms prefers a pH of neutral? Range?
Neutrophiles, pH 5.5 - 8.5
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What can change the pH level?
production of waste
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what organisms prefers salt, aka salt lovers?
Halophile (up to 27% salt)
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What organisms can stand the pressure?
Barotolerant organisms, Barophile - require/ love high pressure
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What organisms can be found in radioactive waste, can survive UV radiation?
Deinococcus radiodurans
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Sterilization is?
the destruction or removal of all viable organisms
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Disinfection is the..
killing, inhibition, or removal of pathogenic organisms
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this chemical is often used on inanimate objects
disinfectant
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Sanitization is
the reduction of microbial population to a level that's deemed safe; level set by public health standards
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Antisepsis is...
the prevention of infections of living tissue by microorganisms
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Antiseptics are...
chemical agents that kill/inhibit growth of microbes when applied to tissue
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What controlling factors can manage microbes?
physical, chemical, antibiotics;
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heat is...
- a moist heat autoclaves that can kill endospores
- -uses high pressure steam, which is a sterilization method
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Pasteuriation -
- below boiling, control killing, using moist heat
- -effective against all types of microbes
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flash pasteurization -
72 degrees C, 15 seconds
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Dry heat is...
not as effective, higher temperature/longer exposure
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cold temperature:
- -freezing,
- -stopping microbial reproduction
- -ice crystals disrupts membranes
- -refrigeration
- -slow reproduction
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filtration...
- is a physical barrier - poroous membrane with defined pore size - 0.45 mm or 0.20mm (sterilize)
- -reduces microbial population or sterilize solutions of heat sensitive materials
- -filter air HEPA
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Radiation...
uses UV radiation that works only on surfaces
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ionizing radiation is for..
penetration
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Drying/desiccation -
removing water
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freeze-dry -
lyophilization
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salting...
is the removal of water
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chemical methods helps..
lower microbial populations
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Penicillin -
- discovered by Alexander Fleming, 1928
- -comes from mold, kills gram (+) organisms well
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broad spectrum drugs, and an example of one
- these drugs attacks many different pathogens
- example: Azithomycin
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Narrow spectrum drugs, and examples
- drugs that attacks only a few different pathogens
- example: Penicillin, Vancomycin (which is used as last resort)
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Disk diffusion test is? discovered?
- by Kirby-Bauer Method
- -is a standardized method for disk diffusion test
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