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Vitamin E
- Tocopherols, tocotrienols
- Fat-soluble antioxidant, especially in cell membranes
- Roles in cell signaling
- Seed oils
- Supplements-dangerous in excess
- Deficiency: Extremely rare—serious neurologic dysfunction
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Vitamin K
- Phylloquinone, menaquinones
- Fat-soluble vitamin that is not extensively stored in the body
- Dark-green veggies
- Coenzyme in formation of gamma-carboxyglutamate in enzymes of blood clotting and bone matrix
- Bone and vascular health
- Deficiency: Impaired blood clotting, hemorrhagic disease
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Vitamin A
- Retinol, beta-carotene: Fat-soluble vitamin
- Vision, immune fx, growth
- Retinol - dangerous in excess
- Pro-vitamin carotenoids - less danger
- Visual pigments in the retina; regulation of gene expression/cell differentiation
- (beta-carotene is an antioxidant)
- Deficiency: Night blindness, xerophthalmia; keratinization of skin
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Vitamin D
- Calciferol
- regulation of gene expression & cell differentiation, immune fx, Ca2+ absorption, bone health
- fish, fortified foods (danger in excess)
- sun-exposed skin (no danger)
- Deficiency: Rickets = poor mineralization of bone;
- osteomalacia = bone demineralization
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B1
- Thiamin
- Coenzyme in pyruvate and -ketoglutarate
- dehydrogenases, and transketolase; regulates Cl– channel in nerve conduction
- Deficiency: Peripheral nerve damage (beriberi) or CNS lesions (Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome)
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B2
- Riboflavin
- Coenzyme in oxidation and reduction reactions
- (FAD and FMN); prosthetic group of flavoproteins
- Deficiency: Lesions of corner of mouth, lips, and tongue,
- seborrheic dermatitis
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Niacin
- Coenzyme in oxidation and reduction reactions,
- functional part of NAD and NADP; role in intracellular calcium regulation and cell signaling
- Deficiency: Pellagra—photosensitive dermatitis, depressive psychosis
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B6
- Pyridoxine, pyridoxal, pyridoxamine
- Coenzyme in transamination and decarboxylation
- of amino acids and glycogen phosphorylase; modulation of steroid hormone action
- Deficiency: Disorders of amino acid metabolism, convulsions
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Folic acid
- Coenzyme in transfer of one-carbon fragments
- Deficiency: megaloblastic anemia
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B12
- cobalamin
- Coenzyme in transfer of one-carbon fragments and
- metabolism of folic acid
- deficiency: pernicious anemia (megaloblastic anemia with degeneration of spinal cord)
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Pantothenic acid
- Functional part of CoA & acyl carrier protein: FA synthesis and metabolism
- Deficiency: Peripheral nerve damage ("burning foot syndrome")
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Biotin (H)
- Coenzyme in carboxylation reactions in
- gluconeogenesis and fatty acid synthesis; regulation of cell cycle
- Deficiency: Impaired fat and carbohydrate metabolism,
- dermatitis
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Vitamin C
- Ascorbic acid
- Coenzyme in hydroxylation of proline and lysine
- in collagen synthesis; antioxidant; enhances absorption of Fe
- Deficiency: scruvy, impaired wound healing, subcutaneous hemorrhage
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