true or false – movement disorders are characterized by spontaneous involuntary movement
true
true or false – movement disorders involve patients that are paralyzed, uncoordinated, and usually have a loss of sensation
false – they are not paralyzed, not uncoordinated, and do not lose sensation
what are two major neurotransmitters that are associated with movement disorders
dopamine and acetylcholine
why must acetylcholine and dopamine be in balance of each other
if they are unbalanced movement disorders will be more prevalent
name some of the types of movement disorders
benign essential tremor
chorea
hemiballismus
dystonia
athetosis
tics
parkinsonism
what is the name of the movement disorder that is often confused with Parkinson's
benign essential tremor
what is the major difference between benign essential tremor and parkinson's disease
benign essential tremor does not progress
Parkinson's disease will get progressively worse
true or false – alcohol can suppress benign essential tremor
true
what is the name of a drug that treats benign essential tremor?
propanodol
true or false – everybody has a normal physiological tremor
what is the rate of the normal physiological tremor that occurs in everybody
8– 12 Hz
what is a tremor rate for Parkinson's disease
4 –6
what is pill rolling tremor
it is a resting tremor that occurs in parkinson's disease, people used to think it looked like a pharmacist counting pills
what will increase a tremor in parkinson's disease
stress
what neurotransmitter in the brain is missing in patients with Parkinson's disease
dopamine
what is chorea caused by
dopamine action increased, acetylcholine and GABA action decreased
what kinds of pathologies can cause chorea
Huntington's chorea
rheumatic fever in childhood
drug toxicity-anticonvulsants, antipsychotics
estrogen – pregnancy, oral contraceptives
what kind of signs might it patient show if they have chorea
spontaneous jerks, twitches
Patients with this condition many times will somehow incorporate the movement into some other action so that it looks normal to other people
what is hemiballismus and what are its characteristics
violent, gross movements on one side of the body
what is the cause of hemiballismus
lesion in the subthalamic nucleus after stroke
what is the treatment for hemiballismus
dopamine antagonist
do TICS go away
nope
what are TICS
spontaneous, small movements, example – grimaces, facial twitch, vocalizations
what are the causes TICS
cause is unclear –disinhibition of limbic system
what is Tourette syndrome
tics of the vocal cords
example – profanity, barking
what is a treatments for TICS
neuroleptic ( block dopamine receptors) and botulism toxin (block activity at the neuromuscular junction)
what are some of the signs of dystonia
torticollis
writer's cramp
opisthotonus
how is dystonia treated
treated with anti-cholinergic's
how is dystonia caused
drug-induced -
idiopathic
a professional musician who practices five hours or more a day, every day is at risk of developing this condition
dystonia
how can dystonia be treated
the patient can learn from physical therapy how to inhibit lower motor neurons
Medications
what are some of the signs of Parkinson's disease
tremor, bradykinesia, rigidity, festinating gait, flex posture, masked face, sensory cues/blocks for movement
what is the pathology of Parkinson's disease
loss of dopamine production in the substantia nigra
what causes Parkinson's disease
post-encephalitis
phenothiazines
carbon monoxide poisoning
idiopathic
true or false – for patients with Parkinson's disease, going through doors or getting on elevators can be difficult
true
true or false – patient's with Parkinson's disease will walk better on floors with a checkerboard like appearance then they will a normal floor with no design
true
true or false – patients with Parkinson's disease will have handwriting that will get progressively smaller as the disease progresses
true
the same is true for their voices, their voices will gets softer and softer
what is Bradykinesia
slow initiation and progression improvement
spontaneous movement
no arm swing
no facial expression
soft voice
what is micrographia
small handwriting
often associated with Parkinson's disease
what are some of the stimuli used to increase movement in patients with Parkinson's disease
pattern tile floors – they are able to take big steps across the tiles
music
may respond quickly to threatening stimulus
what is the stimulus that will inhibit movement in it patient with Parkinson's disease
approaching open doorways or elevators
what is festinating gait
short, shuffling steps
difficulty stopping
no arm swing
trunk flexed
what is rigidity
resistance to passive movement
present at all joints
speed of passive movement does not increase resistance
often cog-wheel
true or false – in Parkinson's disease the receptor sites for the nerve does not bind with dopamine
