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Psychology
The scientific study of behavior and mental processes
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Behavior
Behavior includes all of our outward or overt actions and reactions, such as talking, facial expressions, and movement.
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Psychology's goals:
Description, explanation, prediction, and control
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Mental processes
Mental processes includes all internal, covert activity of our minds, such as thinking, feeling, remembering, and perceptions.
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Explanations
Finding explanations for behavior is a very important step in the process of forming theories of behavior.
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Prediction
Determining what will happen in the future.
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Aristotle (384-322 BC)
Wrote about the relationship of the soul to the body (with the two being aspects of the same underlying structure) in De Anima as well as other works.
Saw them as together
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Plato (427-347 BC)
Disagreed with Aristotle, saw the soul and the body as being connected.
Aristotle's teacher, felt the soul could exist seperately from the body, a view that has become known as dualism.
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The "Father of Psychology"
Wilhelm Wundt (1832-1920)
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Rene Descartes (1600's)
French philosopher and mathematician, agreed with Plato and believed that the Pineal gland was the seat of the soul.
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Pineal Gland
A small organ at the base of the brain.
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Wilhelm Wundt was associated with what
Objective introspection (the process of objectively examining and measuring one's own thoughts and mental activities.
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Structuralism
focus of this study was the structure of the mind.
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Functionalism
Survival of the fittest
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Mary Whiton Calkins
Completed every course and requirement for earning a Ph.D. but was denied that degree by Harvard because she was a Woman.
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Mary Whiton Calkins established a psychological laboratory at Wellesley College. Her work was some of the earliest in the area of...
- Memory and self
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Freancis Cecil Sumner
First African-Americans to earn a Ph.D. in psychology at Clark University,
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Jorge Sanchez
Hispanic psychologist, conducted research in the area of intelligence testing, focusing on the cultural biases in such tests.
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Max Wertheimer (Germany)
- Structuralist.
- Felt that psychological events such as perceiving and sensing could not be broken down into any smaller elements and still be understood.
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"The ____ is greater than the ___ of its ___"
"The whole is greater than the sum of its parts"
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Gestalt Psychology
focusing on perception and sensation, particularly perception of patterns and whole figures.
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Sigmund Freud (Austria)
unconcious mind.
followed by: Adler, Jung, Erikson, and Anna Freud (his daughter)
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Psychodynamic Perspective
Modern version of psychoanalysis that is more focused on the development of a sense of self and the discovery of other motivations behind a person's behavior than sexual motivations.
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Cognitive Perspective
Modern perspective that focuses on memory, intelligence, perception, problem solving, and learning.
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Socioculteral Perspective
Perspective that focuses on the relationship between social behavior and culture.
Based on society, culture, environment.
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Biopsychosocial
Bio, Psy, Soc
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Biopsychological Perspective
perspective that attributes human and animal behavior to biological events occurring in the body, such as genetic influences, hormones, and the activity of the nervous system.
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Evolutionary Perspective
Perspective that focuses on the biological bases of universality mental characteristics that all humans share.
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