Chapter 5 flashcards.txt

The quality of an instrument's sound that distinguishes it from others

The choice of instruments that play a certain piece

The art of combining the instruments in different ways for musical effect

All different instrumentation

All similar instrumentation

The way sound waves are filtered and amplified

Hollow chambers or solid pieces that affect an instrument's tone quality and loudness

Vibration of one string causes another string tuned identically to vibrate without being plucked

The frequency of a string's vibration, based on its length and tension

• String instruments - a vibrating string (plucked, bowed, or struck) makes the sound. Varieties include:
• Zithers
• Lutes
• Lyres
• Harps

A construction on a stringed instrument that lifts the string over the body of the instrument so that it can vibrate freely

An intermediate bridge that shortens the vibrating length of a string when the string is pressed down

Sliding pitch effect

A continuous wavering in pitch

A modern innovation on electric guitars used to slide the pitch up and down by varying string tension

A collection of strings associated with a particular pitch, often used for extra volume

• Chordophones in which the strings are parallel to a resonator that extends the entire length. They include the following varieties
• Stick
• Tube and curved
• Raft
• Flat box
• Trough

The sounding board is narrow and round, like a stick. The similar bar zither has a string attached to a curved stick.

Strings attached around the outside of a tube that serves as a resonator.

Strings attached to the outside of a tube, which is cut away to form a surface for the instrument

Have a flat sounding board parallel to the strings

Have a hollow box resonator

Have a trough carved in their sounding boards for resonance

• Chordophones in which the strings are parallel to the body that holds them with a resonator at one end. Varieties include:
• Spike lute
• Fingerboard lute

Mostly bowed and known as a "spike fiddle." Has a round stick for a neck that extends through the resonator to form a spike

The neck is a flat surface that the fingers press the strings down to - can have frets or no frets

Chordophones with strings attached to a crossbar held up by two posts with a resonator at the bottom

• Chordophones in which the strings are roughly perpendicular to the resonator. Varieties include:
• Angle harps
• Bow harps

Strings are stretched between two pieces of wood joined at an angle

The strings are stretched between the sides of a single piece of wood shaped like a curved bow

• Wind instruments - a column of air within the instrument makes the sound. Varieties include:
• Flutes
• Double reeds
• Single reeds
• Buzzed lip instruments

The air inside an aerophone. Only vibrates at certain frequencies

Frequencies that an air column can vibrate at

Making an aerophone instrument vibrate in different frequencies by increasing air pressure

Change length of tubing

Change length of tubing

Piece(s) of wood, plant, or plastic used to get an air column to vibrate

The shape of the tubing of an aerophone

The tubing is roughly the same diameter over the length of the instrument

The tubing gets gradually larger over the length of the instrument

• Aerophones in which the stream of air is focused on a sharp edge. Varieties include:
• End-blown notch flute
• Transferse or side-blown flute
• Duct flute
• Globular flute

The player holds the tube straight away from the mouth but blows over the rim of the hole of the tube

The player holds the tube perpendicular to his head and blows over an open hole

The player blows directly into a hole (the duct) that directs the air stream into another hole with a sharp ramp (called a fipple)

Sharp ramp in a duct flute that air is directed over

The sound body is a roughly spherical chamber rather than a tube

Aerophones with two pieces of reed tied together at the end of a tube. When under enough air pressure, the reeds vibrate against one another. The tube may have a cylindrical or conical bore.

A flat piece of wood is tied to the mouthpiece of a tube and blown over, causing it to vibrate. The tube may have cylindrical or conical bore.

Aerophones, also known as brass, in which the player buzzes his lips at the end of a tube. The tube may have cylindrical or conical bore.

Buzzed-lip instrument made of brass.

• Drums - a membrane (skin) stretched over a resonator or frame makes the sound. Classifications include:
• Bowl
• Cylindrical
• Barrel or waisted
• Hourglass
• Conical
• Goblet
• Frame drum

Side of the frame or resonator on a membranophone that has the skin stretched over it

Resonator shaped like a bowl

Resonator shaped like a cylinder

Resonator that bulges outward in the middle

Resonator shaped like an hourglass

Resonator shaped like a cone

Resonator shaped like a goblet

Skins stretched over hoops or frames - there is effectively no resonator

• The entire instrument vibrates to make the sound. Varieties include
• Instruments of definite pitch
• Instruments of semi-definite pitch
• Instruments of no definite pitch

The instrument makes sound through a loudspeaker

The complex and fluid combinations of all the elements of music including pitch and melody, rhythm and loudness, texture, timbre, and musical instruments