Bio 242 Test 1

-brain and spinal cord
-control, runs whole body, communication
-integrative and control centers
-electrical/chemical communication
-very fast and specific
-input, decision making, response

bringing info into CNS, internal or external, spinal cord attaches to brain and every other part of body

info from an internal muscular area

communication between body and CNS, cranial nerves (from brain) and spinal nerves (exit intervertebral foramina)

anything coming into the CNS, aka: afferent

anything going out of the CNS, aka: efferent

1. somatic- musculoskeletal system (muscles, bones, ligaments, tendons): if you break a bone, somatic sensory tells brain "ouch"
2. visceral- organs (hungry, thirsty, full bladder)

conducts impulses from CNS to effectors (muscles and glands)

involuntary
visceral motor
conducts impulses from CNS to cardiac muscles, smooth muscles, and glands
ex: cannot change your heart rate

speeds us up (except digestion), fight or flight, survival

slows us down, conserves energy, restful state to be in

made of cholesterol, surrounds axon, makes impulse move very fast

conducts electrical impulses away from the neuron's cell body or soma

myelin sheath is deteriorating, impulses are slower if you get hurt

when cell body of neuron clusters together in CNS, called nuclei is a ________

when cell body of neuron clusters outside of CNS, called ganglia are ________

ascending --> _________, descending --> __________

impulse is going into CNS

impulse is going away from CNS

extra neurons in between sensory and motor neurons

gates in our system that we can open or close depending on circumstances we are in, always go from area of higher concentration to lower concentration, difference between keeping outside/inside

(4) neurophysiology gates

inside (negative) is more negative than outside (positive), difference of -70 millivolts (mV)

most important ion in nerve confuction

change in a cell's membrane potential that makes it more negative, bigger difference between inside and outside, more of a change

change in a cell's membrane potential that makes it less negative, smaller difference between inside and outside, less of a change

space between neurons

in regards to conduction velocities of neurons, the bigger the axon, the ________ it goes. Some nerve axons go very slow and some go very fast.

faster/slower

neurotransmitter than excites muscle to contract

secreted by end of axons, next neuron to it will respond, binding opens in ion channels resulting in graded potentials

excitatory neurotransmitters will cause ___________

depolarization/hyperpolarization

inhibitory neurotransmitters results in ____________

depolarization/hyperpolarization

we have the most complex cerebral cortex, increase in anterior superior aspect of brain

specialization of certain functions

skilled, voluntary, conscious movement... which motor area?

primary motor cortex
premotor cortex
Broca's area
frontal eye field

control of learned movement, ex: pen and paper, learn how to write... which motor area?

primary motor cortex
premotor cortex
Broca's area
frontal eye field

motor for speech... which motor area?

primary motor cortex
premotor cortex
Broca's area
frontal eye field

motor to the eyes, muscles for eye movement... which motor area?

primary motor cortex
premotor cortex
Broca's area
frontal eye field

sensations from musculoskeletal system, ex: close eyes, you still know where elbow is... which sensory area?

primary somatosensory cortex
somatosensory association cortex
auditory association area

you are aware of what you're doing, hands/face/fingers have most concentration, you can measure how well it is

interpretation, to understand what certain input means, ex) put a rock in one hand, sponge in other, you can tell difference between the two... which sensory area?

primary somatosensory cortex
somatosensory association cortex
auditory association area

what does a sound mean, perception of what a word means, ex) sirens=bad... which sensory area?

primary somatosensory cortex
somatosensory association cortex
auditory association area

smell > memory > very powerful

memory and meaning to all our input (association area)

most complex learning occurring, personality, use this in classroom/learning, aka: cognition (prefrontal cortex)/(association area)

takes all input around you and makes sense of it (association area)

emotions and memories (associated areas)

cerebral white matter in brain > __________ within brain

motor function (motor/movement), controls starting and stopping of movement

diencephalon

gateway to cerebral cortex, sorts and edits all input, ex: auditory goes to hearing, etc

visceral control center (organs), temperature/hunger/thirst- basic functioning that we do not have to think about

sleep/wake cycle, biological clock

"built-in survival"

survival in terms of fight or flight, produces dopamine (neurotransmitter), involved in pain suppression (put it off during FB game until game is over)

relay area, lets cerebellum and motor cortex know what is going on (muscle control)

decussation: crossing over of nerve tracts (left brain controls right side of body, vice versa), reflex center > cannot hold breath and kill yourself, this will force you to breathe

most sensitive to alcohol > close eyes/touch nose, not something you can control, involuntary

no specific anatomical position (location), brain arousal/alertness, only time not working is while in a coma, alcohol can suppress this/damage, filters sensory input

language, interpreted in left hemisphere/body language: interpreted in right hemishpere

skull
meninges
CSF
blood brain barrier: tubes that lead into brain and protect it from toxic substances

if neurons do not get enough oxygen/glucose (blockage or weakness of blood vessels), usually have warning signs called TIA- transient ischemic attack which is not permanent

Alzheimer's, Parkinson's disease > have to do with basal nuclei starting and stopping of movement

signals that go up spine

signals that go down spine

nerves exit __________ __________, holes in middle of bones of spine

lots of nerves bunched together

nerve from cervical plexus, has to do with breathing > hiccups

longest nerve in the body from brachial

caused by a lack of oxygen

any change in environment (internal or external)

touch (stretch, pressure, vibration)

temperature

vision, in eyes

chemicals, ex: oxygen levels

pain, when stimulated > damage to whatever tissue is hurting

where you are in space, 3 levels:
1. receptors
2. circuit (ascending^different), spinal cord
3. perception, top of brain

whatever input is, ex: hot, cold, soft, hard, etc

how we perceive pain, interpretation

wraps individual axon

a bunch of individually wrapped axons

wraps fassicle (bunch of axons)

wraps around all fassicles

endoneurium
fassicle
perineurium
epineurium