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Anterior
Near to or the front of the body
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Ventral
Near to or at the front of the body
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Posterior
Near to or at the back of the body
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Dorsal
Near to or at the back of the body
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Lateral
Farther from the midline of the body or structure
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Medial
Nearer to the midline of the body or structure
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Median
Lying In the midline � central position
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Intermediate
Between two structures
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Superior
Toward the head or upper part of the structure
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Cepahlic
Toward the head or upper part of the structure
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Cranial
Toward the head or upper part of the structure
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Inferior
Away from the head, closer to the lower part
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Caudal
Away from the head, closer to the lower part
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Proximal
Nearer to the point of origin or trunk attachment
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Distal
Farther to the point of origin or trunk attachment
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Superficial
Toward or on the body surface
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Deep
Away from the body surface
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Parietal
Pertaining to or forming the outer wall of a body cavity
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Visceral
Pertaining to or forming the outer covering of an organ within a body cavity
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Ipsilaterial
On the same side
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Contralaterial
On the opposite side
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Prone
The body when lying face downward
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Supine
The body when lying face upward
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Planes of the body
Imaginary flat lines that pass thought the body and/or its parts
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When a plane passes through the body in a way that �separates� its parts into front (anterior) and back (posterior) portions, then it is called a
Frontal or coronal plane
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When a plane passes through the body in a way that �separates� its parts into equal right and let portions, then it is called a
Midsagittal
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When a plane passes through the body in a way that �separates� its parts into unequal right and let portions, then it is called a
Sagittal or parasagittal plane
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When a plane passes through the body in a way that �separates� its parts into top (superior) and bottom (inferior) portions, then it is called a
Transverse or horizontal plane
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Sections though a body
Actual cut made along a plane
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If a cut is made along (parallel to) the long axis of the body or part then it is called a
Longitudinal section
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A frontal section is a
Longitudinal section that passes along a frontal plane
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A Midsagittal section is a
Is a longitudinal section that passes along a Midsagittal plane
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A Sagittal section is a
Longitudinal section that passes along a Sagittal plane
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If a cut is made perpendicular to the long axis of the body or a part, than it is called a
Transverse or cross section
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A cross section passes along a
Transverse plane
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If a cut is made at an angel (but not 90deg), then it is called an
Oblique section.
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Dorsal body cavity houses the
Cranial cavity and the vertebral cavity
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Cranial cavity contains
Cranial bones (skull), Brain
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Vertebral canal contains the
Vertebrate, Spinal cord
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Ventral body cavity contains the
- Thoracic cavity
- Abdominoplevic cavity
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Mediastinum
Region of the thoracic between the lungs, between the sternum and vertebral column; contains the trachea, bronchial tubes, esophagus, heart, vessels and CT
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Serous membrane within the ventral body cavity included the:
- � Pleura
- � Pericardium
- � Peritoneum
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The serous membrane is a
thin double-layer membrane with a Fluid filled cavity between the layers (visceral layer and parietal layer)
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Retroperitoneal: behind the peritoneum
Between the wall and the parietal peritoneum;
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Mesentery: double layer of peritoneum
Supports intestines and �transports� vessels and nerves back and forth
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Right upper quadrant
- � Right lobe of liver
- � Pylorus of stomached
- � Gallbladder
- � Duodenum
- � Head of pancreas
- � Right kidney
- � Right suprarenal gland
- � Part of ascending colon (large)
- � Part of transverse colon (large)
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Right lower quadrant
- � Cecum (large)
- � Appendix
- � Most of ileum (small)
- � Part of ascending colon
- � Right ovary
- � Right uterine tube
- � Part of right Ureter
- � Part of right spermatic cord
- � Uterus if enlarged
- � Urinary bladder if very full
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Left upper quadrant
- � Left lobe of liver
- � Spleen
- � Stomach
- � Jejunum and proximal ileum
- � Pancreas
- � Left kidney
- � Left supernal gland
- � Part of transverse colon
- � Part of descending colon
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Left lower quadrant
- � Part of descending colon
- � Sigmoid colon
- � Left ovary
- � Left Ureter
- � Part of left spermatic cord
- � Uterus if enlarged
- � Urinary bladder if very full
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Integumentary
- � forms external body covering; protection; temperature regulation; waste elimination; vitamin D synthesis
- � Skin,
- � Hair, nails,
- � Sweat glands, Sebaceous glands�
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Skeletal
- � Supports and protects body; Leverage; Stores minerals; Blood cells form within bone cavities
- � Bones (e.g. Frontal b., clavicle, rib�),
- � Cartilages...
- � (& Joints)
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Muscular
- � Movement; Thermo genesis; Maintains posture
- � Skeletal muscles (e.g. deltoideus, gluteus maximus, trapezius�)
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� (smooth muscle & cardiac muscle)
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Nervous
- � Regulates the body activities though nerve impulse
- � Brain, spinal cord, cranial nerves, spinal nerves, sensory organs�
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Endocrine
- � Regulates the body activities through hormones
- � Ovary, pancreas, parathyroid gland, pituitary, suprarenal gland, testis, thymus, thyroid gland, various endocrine cells�
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Cardiovascular
- � Transports O2, CO2, nutrients, wastes, etc.
- � Protects against disease and hemorrhage.
- � Heart, blood vessels, Blood
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Lymphatic
- � Filters body fluids; Produces white blood cells; Involved in immune response
- � Lymph nodes, spleen, thymus, tonsil�., lymphatic vessels.
- � Lymph
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Respiratory
- � Gaseous exchange; Helps regulate acid/base balance of blood
- � Larynx, trachea, lung, bronchus�
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Digestive
- � Physical and chemical breakdown of food; absorption of food products; elimination of undigested foodstuffs in feces
- � Gastrointestinal tract (esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine�), Gall bladder, Liver, Pancreas, Salivary glands, Teeth
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Urinary
- � Elimination of nitrogenous wastes in urine; regulates water, electrolyte and acid/base balance of blood.
- � Kidney, Ureter, urinary bladder, urethra
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Reproductive
- � Propagation of species
- � Testis, prostate gland, penis...Ovary, uterine tube, uterus�
- Levels of structural organization (fig 1.1 pg 4)
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Chemical level
Atoms ? Molecules
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Cellular Level
Cell = basic living structure and functional unit of the body
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Tissue level
Tissue = aggregrate of similarly specialized cells along with the extracellular material united to perform a particular function
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4 basic tissues (General)
Epithelium, connective, muscular,nerve
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Epithelium � covers and lines body surfaces; helps to form glands
Have a free surface � closely packed
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Connective Tissue � binds together, defense, support to the body.
Consists of cells, fibers, and grand substance
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Muscle Tissue � communication
Cross striations
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Nervous Tissue - communication
Cells with long processes
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Organ Level
Organ = structure with a definite form and function; composed of 2 or more tissues
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System Level
System = a set of interconnected or interdependent organs that function together in a common purpose
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Organism Level
= sum total of all structural levels working together to keep you alive
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Transformer
Controls the amount of light emitted from the light source
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Condenser
- Concentrates the light up thought the object being viewed
- Contrast
- The difference, as in color or tone
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Resolution
The smallest distance between two objects when these two objects can be seen
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Epithelial tissue identifying characteristic
Has a free surface consisting of a single layer of closely packed cells and underlain by connective tissue
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Connective tissue identifying characteristic
Consists of cells, fibers and ground subst. Not as closely packed as epithelium
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Muscle tissue identifying characteristics
Striped appearance in longitudinal sections
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Nervous tissue identifying characteristic
Very long cytoplasm processes
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Acromial
Point of shoulder
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Antecubital
Front of elbow
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Cranial
Part of the skull that houses the brain
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Facial
Part of the skull that forms the face
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Metacarpal
Area of hand between wrist and fingers
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Metatarsal
Area of foot between ankle and toes
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Occipital
Back of head; base of skull
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Perineal
Region between anus and external genitalia
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Peroneal or fibular
Side of leg
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Phalangeal
Fingers or toes
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Sacral
Posterior area between the hips
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Scapular
Shoulder blade area
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Trunk
The body excluding the head, neck and limbs
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Vertebral
Spinal column region
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