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Through what bone does the infraorbital canal emerg?
Maxilla
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What nerve controls the muscles of facial expression?
Cranial nerve VII - Facial Nerve
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What muscle travels from the neck to the lips?
Platysma
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What are the two circular muscles of the face and where are they?
- Orbicularis oculi - within the eyelids
- Orbicularis oris - within the lips
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What lies between the pretragic and intertragic notch?
tragus
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What gland lies under the ear?
Parotid salivary gland
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What two veins come together to make the external jugular?
Maxillary vein and linguofacial vein
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What nerve passes through the infraorbital foramen?
Infraorbital nerve - branch of the trigeminal nerve (5th cranial)
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What duct travels over the masseter muscle?
Parotid duct
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What gland lies in the "V" between the maxillary vein and linguofacial vein?
The mandibular salivary gland
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What nerve travels over the masseter muscle?
The facial nerve - dorsal buccal branch and the ventral buccal branch
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What is the small gland located on the mandibular salivary gland called?
Monostomatic part of the sublingual salivary gland
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What are the boundries of the nasal cavity?
- Rostral - Nostrils
- Ventral - Bone of hard palate
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What are the boundries of the oral cavity?
- Rostral - Lips
- Dorsal - Bone of hard palate
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Where is the annular fold found?
Between the laryngopharynx and the esophagus
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Name the bones of the hyoid apparatus, starting from the skull.
- Stylohyoid bone
- Epihyoid bone
- Ceratohyoid bone
- Basihyoid bone
- Thyroidhyoid bone
- Thyroid cartilage
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What are the muscles of the tongue?
Genioglossus, Geniohyodeus, Hyoglossus, Mylohyoideus, Styloglossus
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What mussle pulls the tongue out?
- Genioglossus
- Geniohyodeus (pulls the hyoid apparatus rostrally and the tongue with it)
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What muscle(s) retract the tongue?
- Styloglossus
- Hyoglossus - retracts and depresses the root of the tongue
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What is the action of the pterygoid muscle?
Closes the jaw
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What is the action of the digastricus muscle?
Opens the jaw
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What is the action of the masseter muscle?
Closes the jaws and moves jaws laterally
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What is the action of the temporalis muscle?
Closes the jaw
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What is the upper part of the forelimb called?
Brachium
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What is the lower part of the forelimb called?
Antibrachium
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What is the distal part of the forelimb called?
Manus
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What are the three sesamoid bones of the manus?
Dorsal sesamoid, proximal sesamoid and distal sesamoid bone
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What is the "elbow" called?
Olecranon
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What are the three joints of the manus called in order from proximal to distal?
- Metacarpophalangeal joint
- Proximal interphalangeal joint
- Distal interphalangeal joint
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What stabilizes the shoulder joint?
The tendons of insertion of the supraspinatous, infraspinatus and the subscapularis muscles act as active collateral ligaments
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What ligaments helps prevent excessive flexion and lusation of the elbow joint?
The oblique ligament (dog and cat only)
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What four ligaments act on the elbow joint.
- Oblique ligament - from olecranon to olecranon fossa
- Medial collateral ligament - from medial side of humerus to medial side of radius
- Lateral collateral ligament - "V" shaped, from lateral side of humus to lateral side of radius and ulna
- Annular ligament - encloses head of radius within a ring
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What small muscle runs from the lateral side of the humerus to the radius?
Supinator muscle
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What are the joints of the carpus in order from proximal to distal?
- Antibrachial carpal joint (greatest movement)
- Middle carpal joint (15 degree flexion)
- Carpometacarpal joint (~5 degrees flexion)
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What joints of the carpus share a synovial membrane?
Middle carpal joint and carpometacarpal joint
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What are the characteristics of a hinge joint and give an example.
- Flexion & extension
- Strong collateral ligaments
- Eg. proximal interphalangeal joint
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What are the characteristics of a condylar joint and give an example.
- Uniaxial movement about an axis common to the two condyles
- Eg. Femorotibial joint
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What are the characteristics of a ball and socket joint and give an example.
- Extensive movement - flexion, extension, rotation, adduction, abduction
- Eg. hip joint
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What are the characteristics of a saddle joint and give an example.
- Flexion and extension
- Eg. Distal interphalangeal joint
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What nerves innervate the forelimb?
- Lateral
- Suprascapular nerve
- Radial nerve
- Axillary nerve
- Medial
- Musculocutaneus nerve
- Median nerve
- Ulnar nerve
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What spinal nerves form the suprascapular nerve?
C6 and C7
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What spinal nerves form the radial nerve?
C8, T1, T2
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What spinal nerves from the axillary nerve?
C7 and C8
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What nerve innervates the triceps brachii muscle?
Radial nerve
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What nerve innervates the supraspinator and infraspinatus muscles?
Suprascapular nerve
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What nerve innervates the teres major and teres minor?
Axillary nerve
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What two nerves in the forelimb travel in the same connective tissue sheath?
Median and ulna nerves
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What spinal nerves form the musculocutanues nerve?
C6 and C7
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What spinal nerves form the median nerve?
C8 and T1
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What spinal nerves form the ulnar nerve?
T2
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What muscles does the musculocutanues nerve innervate?
- Coracobrachialis muscle
- Biceps brachii muscle
- Brachialis muscle
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What muscles does the median nerve innervate?
- Pronator teres
- Flexors of carpus and digits
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What two nerves anastomose in the forelimb and where?
The musculocutaneus nerve and the median nerve just past the level of the elbow.
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What two muscles make up the brachiocephalicus?
- Cleidocephalicus muscle
- Cleidobrachialis muscle
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By what tracheal rings does the thyroid lie?
Between rings 1 -5
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How many ribs does a dog have?
- 13 ribs
- 9 true ribs
- 3 false ribs
- 1 floating rib
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How many sternebra make up the sternum?
7 sternebra with intersternebral cartilage in between.
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How many vertebra in the dog?
- 30
- - 7 cervical
- - 13 thoracic
- - 7 lumbar
- - 3 sacral
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What is the name of the ligament that connects the left and right ribs across the vertebrae?
The intercapital ligament - prevents prolapse of the disc into vertebral canal
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From rostral to caudal what are the muscles around the laryngopharynx?
- Hyopharyngeus muscle
- Thyropharyngeus muscle
- Cricopharyngeus muscle
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What is the name of the cavity that the palantine tonsils sit in?
Tonsillar recess
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What are the layers of the epidermis and their characteristics from the deepest upwards?
- Stratum basale - single layer
- Stratum spinosum - polygonal, massive production of keratin fibers
- Stratum granulosum - keratohyalin granules, keratin fibers, intercellular lipids
- Stratum corneum - no nuclei, no organelles
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What embryonic layer does skin come from?
Ectoderm
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What are the layers of the hair shaft from inside-out?
-
What side of the abdomen is the descending duodenum on?
Right
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What side of the abdomen is the stomach on?
Left
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What side of the abdomen is the spleen on?
Left
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What path through the digestive tract would a piece of food travel?
- Oral cavity
- Esophagus
- Stomach (fundas, body, pyloric part)
- Descending duodenum
- Caudal flexure
- Ascending duodenum
- Jujenum
- Ilium
- Cecum
- Ascending colon
- Transverse colon
- Descending colon
- Rectum
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What is the name of the peritoneum suspending the duodenum?
Mesoduodenum
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What is the name of the peritoneum suspending the jujenum?
Great mesentery
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What is the space called that's created by the fold of the greater omentum?
Omental bursa
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What are the branches of the abdominal aorta (cranial to caudal)
- Celiac artery*
- Cranial mesenteric*
- Phrenicoabdominal arteries
- Renal arteries
- Ovarian / Testicular arteries
- Caudal mesenteric*
- Deep circumflex iliac arteries
- External iliac arteries
- Internal iliac arteries
- Median Sacral artery*
* - not paired
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What are the Tributaries of the Caudal Vena Cava (cranial to caudal)
- Hepatic veins
- Phrenicoabdominal veins
- Renal veins
- Ovarian / Testicular veins
- Deep circumflex iliac
- External iliac
- Internal iliac
- Median sacral vein (not paired)
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What are the veins that become the Hepatic portal vein?
- Cranial mesenteric
- Caudal mesenteric
- Splenic
- Gastroduodenal
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What muscle runs from the caudal aspect of the cranial rib to the cranial aspect of the caudal rib?
External intercostals
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What muscle runs from the cranial aspect of the caudal rib to the caudal aspect of the cranial rib?
Internal intercostal
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Describe the path of the Vagus nerve
- Travels down the left and right sides of the esophagus.
- Right side branches into the right recurrent laryngeal nerve and circles around the right subclavian artery.
- Left side branches into the left recurrent laryngeal nerve and circles around the aorta.
- Just past the aorta the vagus nerve branches into a dorsal and ventral branch.
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What are the main arterial branches of the aorta?
- Brachiocephalic trunk
- - R & L common carotid artery
- - Right subclavian
- Left subclavian
- Intercostal arteries (9 pairs)
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What are the arterial branches of the subclavian artery?
- Vertebral artery
- Costocervical artery
- Internal thoracic artery
- Superficial cervical artery
turns into axillary artery
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What veins go into the heart?
- Cranial vena cava
- Azygous vein (on right side of dog)
- Caudal vena cava
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What is the cranial draw test and what does it test for?
If you can pull the tibia cranially - ruptured cranial cruciate ligament
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What is the caudal draw test and what does it test for?
If you can pull the tibia caudally - ruptured caudal cruciate ligament
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What spinal nerves form the Femoral nerve?
L4, L5 and L6
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What spinal nerves form the Obturator nerve?
L7 and S1
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What muscles does the Obturator nerve innervate?
- Obturator muscle
- Gracilis muscle
- Adductor muscle
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What structures lie within the femoral triangle
- Femoral nerve
- Femoral artery
- Femoral vein
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What muscles does the Femoral nerve innervate?
- Quadriceps femoris
- Sartorius muscle
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What spinal nerves form the sciatic nerve?
L7, S1 and S2
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What are the joints of the tarsus from proximal to distal?
- Tarsocrural joint
- Proximal intertarsal joint
- Distal intertarsal joint
- Tarsometatarsal joint
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What muscle(s) close the jaw?
- Termporalis m.
- Masseter m.
- Pterygoid m.
- (all paired)
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What muscle(s) open the jaw?
Digastricus m.
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