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What are multi-national corporations?
These are companies with headquarters all over the world
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What is globalization?
This is the increasing interconnectedness of people and places through the converging processes of economic, political, and cultural change
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What is Hybridization (or syncretism)?
Occurs when forms of American popular culture spreads abroad and melds into other local cultures.
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What is the Geopolitical Component of globalization?
- UN's providing of representation to all countries
- International agreements that promote global trade and cultural exchange
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What are some environmental concerns of globalization?
- Transnational corporations create environmental problems that disrupt ecosystems
- Native peoples may lose resource base
- Globalization aggravates world environmental problems (climate change, pollution of air & water, deforestation)
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What may help environmental concerns of globalization?
International treaties between countries.
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State the social dimensions of globalization and their downfalls
- Increased international migration
- The bad:
- Terrorism
- Drugs
- Pornography
- Gambling
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What are some advantages of globalization?
- logical expression of capitalism
- removes trade barriers, increasing efficiency
- spreads new technology and ideas
- free flow of capital increases global economic wealth
- world's poorer countries will catch up
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What are disadvantages of globalization used by critics?
- today's developed countries did not use free-market economics to foster their development
- Globalization creates greater inequalities
- promotes free-market, export-oriented economies, at expense of local indigenous economies
- spreads undesirable things (disease, crime, harmful plants and animals)
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How do they measure the amount of inequality within a country?
Use GINI index (GINI coefficients)
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What is the middle position of globalization?
- globalization is unavoidable
- even anti-globalization people use internet (which is globalized) to oppose globalization
- strong governments, groups, and organizations can help manage globalization
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Where is 90% of the population growth in the world coming from?
developing regions(Africa, Latin America, South Asia, East Asia)
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annual growthrate for a country or region as a percentageincrease; world RNI is 1.2% per year
Rate of Natural Increase (RNI):
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total number ofbirths divided by the total population; worldCBR is 21 per 1,000
Crude Birth Rate (CBR):
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otal number of deaths divided by the total population; worldCDR is 9 per 1,000
Crude Death Rate (CDR):
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the average numberof children born by a statistically averagewoman (world average is 2.7; for Europe it’s1.4; for Africa it’s 5.1)
Total Fertility Rate (TFR):
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Average length of life; worldaverage is 67; for Africa it’s 52; for Japan it’s 82
Life expectancy
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 What shows the gender and percentage ofthe population in each age group
Population pyramids
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negative conditions that drive people from a location
Push factors
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favorable conditions at a destination thatattract people
Pull factors:
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What connects migrants from their origins to their destinations? (family, friends, etc.)
networks of people
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What are the focal points of the modern globalizing world?
Cities
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percentage of a country’s peoplewho live in cities
Urbanized population:
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Illegal developments of makeshifthousing
Squatter settlements:
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What happens when urban population grows faster thanprovision of infrastructure
Overurbanization:
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This is LEARNED (not innate), is shared (notindividual) behavior, and includes both abstract(language, religion) and material elements (architecture,technology)
Culture
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active promotion of one’s culturalsystem over another
Cultural imperialism (acculturation)
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the process of defending a culturalsystem against offensive cultural expression while at thesame time actively promoting local or national values
Cultural nationalism:
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the blending ofelements of culture to form a new culture
Cultural syncretism or hybridization:
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when an immigrant adopts the culture of his/her destination
Cultural Assimilation:
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a distinctive form of a languageassociated with a specific region (e.g.,American and British English)
Dialect:
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a third language that isadopted by people from different culturalgroups within a country who cannot speakeach other’s language (e.g., Swahili in Africa,or English in India)
Lingua franca:
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Is there more diversity (as far as languages) in the old world or the new world?
Old word
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attempts to appeal toall people regardless of location or culture(examples: Christianity with 2 billion, Islam with 1.2billion, Buddhism)
Universalizing religion:
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identified closely with a specificethnic group; does not actively seek converts(examples: Judaism, Hinduism with 850 million in India)
Ethnic religion:
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exists when people considerthemselves to be non-religious or outrightatheistic (about 1 billion)
Secularization:
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the differences between asuperpower’s military technology and strategy and thelower level technology and decentralized guerillatactics used by Al Qaeda and the Taliban
Asymmetrical warfare: the differences between a superpower’s military
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term that describes the close linkbetween geography and political activity
Geopolitics:
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a political unit with territorial boundariesrecognized by other countries and internallygoverned by an organizational structure
State:
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a large group of people who share many culturalelements (e.g.: language, religion, cultural identity) andview themselves as a single political community
Nation:
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a relatively homogenous cultural group withits own fully independent political territory (e.g.: Japan,France); Kurds are a nation without a state
Nation-state:
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Largest Nation Without a State
Kurds:
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ultural and political forces actingto weaken or divide an existing state
Centrifugal forces:
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Forces that promote political unityand reinforce the state structure
Centripetal forces:
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formal establishment of rule over a foreignpopulation
Colonialism:
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the process of a colony’s gaining (orregaining) control over its territory and establishing aseparate independent government
Decolonialization:
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U.S., Canada, western Europe,and Japan make up the economic core in the northernhemisphere, while most areas to the south make up aless-developed periphery...This is an example of the:
Core-periphery model
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qualitative and quantitative measuresindicating structural changes (getting “better”)
Development:
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increase in the size of a system (getting bigger)
Growth:
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the value of all final goodsand services produced within a country plus net incomefrom abroad
Gross National Income (GNI):
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obtained by dividing the GNI by acountry’s population
GNI per capita
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number of childrenwho die per 1,000 persons; related toavailability of food, basic healthcare
Mortality rate under 5 years:
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percentage of a society’smales and females who can read; related toeconomic development, birthrates
Adult literacy rates:
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Discussion of each region includes what 5 themes?
- Environmental Geography
- Population and Settlement
- Cultural Coherence and Diversity
- Geopolitical Framework
- Economic and Social Development Geographies
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short-term, day-to-dayexpression of atmospheric processes
Weather:
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long-term, average conditions–At least 30 years of daily weatherdata (temperatures and precipitation)
Climate:
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boundaries drawnaround areas with similar averageclimate conditions
Climate regions:
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 provide average high and lowtemperatures and precipitation for everymonth in a year
Climographs:
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On Climographs, what describes:
Average high temperature
Average low temperature
Average precipitation
- Average high temperature: upper line
- Average low temperature: lower line
- Average precipitation: bars
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(human caused)pollutants increasethe greenhouseeffect.
Anthropogenic
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makes up more than 50% ofanthropogenic greenhouse gases; comes mainly fromburning fossil fuels
Carbon Dioxide (CO2):
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about 25% of humangeneratedgreenhouse gases; come mainly from aerosolsprays, refrigeration, & air conditioning
Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs):
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about 15%; caused by burning ofvegetation, by-products of cattle & sheep digestion,leaking natural gas pipelines, and refineries
Methane (CH4):
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; caused by agriculturalchemical fertilizers
Nitrous oxide (N2O):
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First international agreement on global warming (167countries)
Rio de Janeiro Earth Summit (1992)
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38 industrialized countries agreed to reduce theiremissions of greenhouse gases to below 1990 levels
Kyoto Protocol (December 1997)
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When did the Kyoto Protocol become international law?
2005
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an assemblage of local plants andanimals covering a large area (e.g., tropicalrainforest or grassland)
Bioregion:
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areas that receive under 10 inches of rainfall a year
Desert:
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North American grassland
Prairie:
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shorter, less dense grassland found in Russia andSouthwest Asia
Steppe:
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the spread of desert-like conditions
Desertification:
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Large tracts of forests found in middle and highlatitudes (nearer the poles)
Temperate forests
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What must happen by 2025 to keep pace with expected human population growth rates?
World food production must double
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migrants seeking amenities are called:
lifestyle migrants
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Urban land uses organizedin rings around the Central Business District
Concentric Zone Model:
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New suburbswith a mix of retail, office complexes &entertainment
Urban realms model or Edge Cities:
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Movement of wealthier people to deteriorated innercityareas; may displace low income residents
Gentrification:
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Similar to edge cities; suburbs becoming full-serviceurban centers with retail, business, education, jobs,etc.
Suburban downtowns:
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Rectangularsurvey system introduced in 1785 in U.S. forunincorporated areas; similar system in Canada
Township-and-range survey system:
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group of people with a commonbackground & history identify with one another(often as a minority group in larger society);both Canada & U.S. have many minorities
Ethnicity
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the process in whichimmigrants are absorbed by the larger hostsociety
Cultural assimilation
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those that allocate considerablepower below the national level
Federal states:
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those with centralized power atnational level
Unitary states:
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how well regions are linked together bytransportation and communication
Connectivity:
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the evolution of the nation’s laborforce from primary sector activities to secondary, tertiary andquaternary activities
Sectoral transformation:
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the varied influences that explain whyan economic activity is located where it is
Location factors:
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