Oxygen.txt

not normal, from an outside source

without a fever, when a fever breaks

• fever reducers-
• ex NSAIDS and corticosteriods

the heart rate as ausculated w a stethescope palced on the chest wass adjacent to the cardiac apex

absence of normal breathing

gray

collapse of the alveoli

when taking BP in a hypertensive pt, the sounds usually hears over the brachial artery disappear at high pressure and reappear when the pressure is at a lower level

the pressure exherted by the circulating volume of blood on the walls of the arteries, veins and the chamber of the heart

a slow HR

<60bpm in adults

a slow RR

< 10bpm in adults

an abnormal pattern of respiration that is characterized by alternating periods of apnea and deep rapid breathing

the crackle of a consolidated area of the lung

normally a sign of pneumonis or air in the the superficial tissue

blueish discoloration of the skin due to a lack of O2 in the blood

ventricular relaxation

blood fills the heart

breathlessness

also is a sign of hypoxia

a deviation from the normal sinus rhythm

swelling

an accumulation of fluid

a red discoloration that may be indicitive of circulatory changes

normal breathing

with a fever

body temp over 100*f

an abnormal elevation of body temp that is above 98.6*f or 37*c

normally is caused by disease

fever of unknown origin

bloody sputum

persistant elevated BP that is above 140/90

an elevated body temperature that is due to the bodies inability to promote heat loss or reduce heat

when systolic BP falls below 90mmHg

core temperature falls below 95*f

ventilation that is in excess of what is required to eliminate normal venous CO2

an abnormally low circulating volume of blood

when ventilation is inadequate to meet the body's O2 demands and sufficient enough to eliminate CO2

inadequate tissue oxygenation at the cellular level

incourages voluntary deep breathing by providing visual feedback to pts about inspiratory volume

a yellow discoloration of the skin or mucous membranes caused by excessive bilirubin

sounds heard during the taking of BP

a condition where a person needs to sit or stand to breathe comfortably

abnormally low BP which occurs when a person stands b/c the blood has pooled

an unnatural paleness or absence of skin color

pounding or racing of the heart

• sudden, severe shortness of breath at night that awakens a person from sleep, often with coughing and wheezing
• commonly occurs several hours after a person with heart failure has fallen asleep
• often relieved by sitting upright
• symptom of heart failure and other associated conditions such as mitral stenosis, aortic insufficiency, and systemic hypertension

• points on the extremities that are felt for a pulse
• The brachial pulse is towards the ulnar side of the antecubital fossa in the elbow.
• The radial pulse (and if you're careful, the ulnar) at the wrist.
• The femoral pulse is in the groin about a third of the way out.
• The popliteal pulse can be felt behind the knee.
• The posterior tibial pulse is behind the medial malleolus of the ankle.
• The dorsalis pedis is, as the name suggests, on top of the foot.
• The temporal artery on the side of your forehead

the palpable bounding of blood flow noted at various points of the body

when an insufficient contraction of the heart fails to transmit a pulse wave to the periphery

*to assess* must take the radial and apical pulse simultaneously and compare

is a non-invasive method allowing the monitoring of the oxygenation of a patient's hemoglobin

the difference between the systolic and diastolic pressures

Fever

• ventilation
• diffusion
• perfusion

(the mechanism the body uses to exchange gasses b/t the body and the atmosphere)

contraction of the heart

blood is ejected

an abnormally elevated HR

>100bpm

an abnormally high RR

> 20 bpm

the measure of heat or cold in the body

is the difference b/t heat produced and heat lost to the enviornment

the elasticity of the vessels

• temp
• BP
• Pulse
• RR
• O2 Saturation

all are used as indicators of health

• R ventricle pumps blood to the lungs
• L ventricle pumps blood to systemic

• heart fills with blood during diastole- relaxation
• heart empties the blood during systole- contraction

• Lungs
• L atrium
• Mitral Valve
• L ventricle
• Aortic Valve
• Aorta
• Systemic
• Vena Cava
• R atrium
• Tricuspid Valve
• R ventricle
• Pulmonic Valve
• Lungs

• Mitral
• Tricuspid

• Aortic
• Pulmonic

4-6 L/min

2.5 - 4

Normal sinus rhythm (NSR)

• AV node
• Bundle of His
• Purkinje Network

• Pacemaker of the heart
• located in the R atrium
• nl 60-100 BPM

• is directional, sends to either the atrium or the ventricles
• located in the R atrium
• nl- 40-60 BPM

• carrying capacity of the blood
• decrease in the inspired O2 concentration
• decrease in blood volume ( hypovolemia)
• Increased BMR
• Improper development
• Lifestyle factors such as nurtition, exercise, smoking, substance abuse
• environmental factors such as air quality, occupational hazards and stress

• pregnancy
• obesity
• musculoskeletal abnormalities
• trauma
• neuromuscular disease
• CNS alterations such as TBI, spinal cord or phrenic nerve injuries
• effects of chronic diseases

• conduction disturbances- a problem with the electrical flow in the heart
• altered cardiac output- such as poor stroke volume or ventricular contraction
• left sided heart failure- backflow into the lungs causing congestive heart failure or pulmonary edema
• right sided heart failure- backflow to venous circulation
• valvular heart disease-valve degeneration caused by a regurgitation of blood
• myocardial ischemia- insufficient O2 to the myocardium
• angina- chest pain, a temporary imbalance b/t O2 supply and demand
• myocardial infarction- a sudden decrease in coronary blood flow or increased myocardial O2 demand with insufficient perfusion. the infarction occurs b/c of ischemia and necrosis.