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What is dysmenorrhea?
Pain, usually uterine cramping, associated with the menstrual period
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What is amenorrhia?
Absence of menses
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What is endometriosis?
Ectopic growth and function of endometrial tissue
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What is endometritis?
Inflammatory condition of the endometrium, usually caused by bacterial infection
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What is the corpus luteum?
Yellow endocrine body formed in the ovary at the site of a ruptured vesicular follicle immediately after ovulation
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What is the primary follicle?
The ovarian follicle that contains the primary oocyte
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What is an oocyte?
An incompletely developed ovum
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What is Mittleschmerz?
Pain associated with the middle of the menstrual cycle
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What does antepartum mean?
The period before labor and delivery
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What is gestation?
The period from fertilization of the ovum until birth
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What does perinatal mean?
At or around the time of birth
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What does prenatal mean?
Existing or occurring before birth
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What does nullipara mean?
A woman who has never borne a child
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What does grand multipara mean?
A woman who has had seven deliveries or more
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What is a miscarriage?
Spontaneous abortion; usually occurs in the first trimester
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What is choanal atresia?
A bony or membranous occlusion that blocks the passage between nose and pharynx; can result in serious ventilation problems of the neonate
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What are the three phases of the menstrual cycle?
Menstrual phase, proliferation phase, and secretory phase
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What is the menstrual phase of the menstrual cycle?
- Days 1-5
- ovum is not fertilized
- average length 4-6 days
- flow 25-60mL
- absent during pregnancy
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What is the proliferation phase of the menstrual cycle?
- Days 6-14
- Endometrium thickness increases
- Stimulated by estrogen increase
- Anterior pituitary hormones released
- Stimulates cells producing estrogen
- Initiates ovarian cycle
- Maintained by increased estrogen production
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What is the secretory phase of the menstrual cycle?
- Days 15-28
- Follows ovulation
- Influenced by estrogen and progesterone
- Prepares endometrium for gestation
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What are all the anatomical sites an ectopic pregnancy can occur in?
- 95% Fallopian tubes
- Ovary
- Abdominal cavity
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What are the stages of labor?
- Stage 1 - Dilation; begins with onset of contractions, ends with complete dilation of the cervix
- Stage 2 - Expulsion; begins with complete dilation of the cervix, ends with delivery of infant
- Stage 3 - Placental; begins at delivery of infant, ends when placenta has been expelled and uterus contracts
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What are some physiologic changes that occur in preeclampsia?
- Edema
- Cerebral edema
- Hyperreflexia or clonus
- Vessel wall damage - platelet clumping
- Liver necrosis
- Liver edema
- Increased epigastric pain on liver palpation
- Proteinuria
- IUGR
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What is the foramen ovale?
- One-way valve between right atrium and left atrium
- Shunts blood from right to left so bypasses the lungs
- Closes shortly after birth, fuses in first year
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What is the ductus arteriosus?
- From the right ventricle, blood enters pulmonary trunk
- Blood shunted from pulmonary trunk into aortic arch through ductus arteriosus
- Closes soon after birth, becomes ligamentum arteriosum in about 3 months
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What is the ductus venosus?
- Path by which the umbilical vein connects directly to the inferior vena cava
- Bypasses the liver
- Becomes ligamentum venosum; closes after birth up to 18th day
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When can you auscultate a fetal HR?
Fetal heart tones can be detected at the end of the 5th month
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What are the expected changes to mom's GI/GU system during pregnancy?
- Morning sickness - caused by high levels of estrogen and hCG
- Delayed gastric emptying - increased risk of aspiration and reflux
- Constipation
- Increased urine production
- Compression of bladder
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What are the expected changes to mom's cardiovascular system during pregnancy?
- Total % of body water rises
- Edema
- Blood volume increases 25-40% by 32nd week
- Increased HR
- Supine Hypotensive Syndrome
- EKG changes can included murmurs that go away after pregnancy
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What are the expected changes to mom's respiratory system during pregnancy?
- Estrogen causes nasal mucosa edema
- Tidal volume decreases
- VR increases
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When does pregnancy become obvious from visibly looking at mom's body?
12-16 weeks
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When does fundal height reach the umbilicus?
22-24 weeks
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When does fundal height reach the xyphoid process?
Full term; when sitting, looks like a shelf
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What are some causes of pre-term labor?
- Multiple gestations
- Intrauterine infection
- Premature rupture of membranes
- Uterine or cervical anatomical abnormalities
- Trauma
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What is PID?
- Acute or chronic infection of female reproductive tract
- Cervix
- Uterus
- Fallopian tubes
- Ovaries
- Pelvic peritoneum
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What are some SXS of PID?
- Moderate to severe diffuse lower abdominal pain
- Dyspareunia
- Fever
- Chills
- N/v
- Vaginal discharge
- Gradual onset 2-3 days
- "Shuffle"
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What is cystitis?
- Inflammation of the bladder
- Usually bacterial
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What are some SXS of cystitis?
- Suprapubic tenderness
- Frequent urination
- Dysuria
- Blood in urine
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