Immune Response

• Skin, sucous membranes, secretions
• Phagocytosis, inflammation

Immune system stimulates a specific response to specific foreign matter

Protien marker on a cell that identifies that cell as self or non-self or foreign cells themselves

• a comples glycoprotein produced in response to presence of an antigen
• 5 different types of anibodies

The bodies reaction to foreign antigens so that they are neutralized or eliminated thus preventing damage

T-lymphocytes

B-lymphocytes

Arise from stem cells in bone marrow, travel to thymus (are further differentiated)

• in live lungs and lymph nodes process the antigen and present it to the lymphocytes to initiate immune response
• also do phagocytosis

• T-lymphocytes recognize anitgen on surface of macrophage -directly destroy
• Memory T cells remain in lymph nodes
• Memory Cells are ready to activate same respone if anitgen returns

• virus
• fungus
• protozoa
• cancer
• foreign cells

• B-Lymphocytes (plasma cells) produced in bone marrow the travel to spleen and lymph tissue
• Produce anitbodies or immunoglobulins (proteins that bind wiht antigen & destroy it)

Bacteria and Virus outside of cell body

• IgM - 1st antibodies, bound to B-lymphocytes in circulation and is usually the first to incrase in the immuse repsonse, activates complement
• IgA - in epithelia, found in secrtions such as tears and saliva, mucous membraes and colostrum (1st breast milk)
• IgD - attached to B cells, activates B cells
• IgG - Old antibodies, most common in blood, crosses placenta, activates complement
• IgE- Inflammation,

• Adenoid & Tonsils
• Lymph nodes, lymphatic vessels
• Thymus
• Spleen
• Bone Marrow

body develops antibodies or T cells

• Antibodies are created after and exposure to the antigen
• Person Gets the chicken pox

• Vaccine (live or attenuated organisms) is injects and antibodies are formed.
• No illness
• Measles vaccine

antibodies are transferred into you body from another source

• Antibodies passed from mother to child (temporary)
• Placental passage or breast milk

Antibodies injected into a person (antiserum) to provide temporary protection or minimize severity of infection

• Memory T cells remain in lymph noes ready to activate the response again if needed
• Blood tests can reveal the titer of existing antibodies

• Allograft - human to human
• Isograft - identical twins
• Autograft - one body part to another body part
• Xenograft - animal to human

medications used to decrease the immune response to the tissue or organ that has been transplanted

• Type I- allergy
• Type II - Cytotoxic Hypersensitivity
• Type III - Immune complex hypersensitivity
• Type IV - Cell mediated/ Delayed

• Ex: hay fever, anaphylaxis , food allergy, asthma
• 1st exposure: develops IgE antibodies. Bind to mast cells
• 2nd exposure: antigen bind to sensitized mast cell, releases of chemical mediators, inflammation (edema, redness, pruritis)

• Insect Stings
• Ingestion of nuts or shellfish
• Penicillin
• Local Anaethesia
• Latex

• Large amount of chemical mediator (histamine) released into circulation causing vasodilation
• Loss of consciousness in minutes

• Skin : pruritus, tingling, warmth, hives
• Respriations: airway obstruction difficulty in breathing, cough, wheezing, tights feeling
• Cardivascular: sudden severe drop in BP severe hypoxia
• Central Nervous System: anxiety and fear, weakness, dizziness, and loss of consciousness

• Emergency treatment: epinephrine injection, O2, first aide for shock - transport
• Follow up treatment - allergy test, pt advised to avoid triggering allergen
• Pt my also be advised to carry and epi pen

• Examples: ABO incompatibility, Rh factor (mother to fetus)
• Anitgen present on cell membrane circulation antibodies react causing destruction of cell (lysis or phagocytosis)

group of proteins when activated stimulate release of cehmical mediators causes inflammation

• Type 3 hypersensitivity
• Examples: Lupus and RA
• Antigen/ antibody form a complex that desposity in blood vessel walls causing complement to be activated causing inflammation and tissue destruction

• Examples : TB skin test, contact dermatitis, transplant rejetion, latex allergy ( can be I or IV)
• macrophage presents antigen
• Antigen binds to T-lymphocytes; sensitized lymphocyte releases lymphokinins causes delayed inflammation

• Lupus
• Signs and Symptoms: Joint pain, skin (butterfly rash), inflammation of kindeys, lungs, and heart, Periodic spasm of blood vessels, Depression of CNS, bone marrow anemia

• clusters of S&S over time, blood work: hi ERS, presence of LE cells
• Medical management: prednisone to decrease inflammtion, manage symptoms
• difficult to hold job

• S & S- excessive, disabiling fatigue
• Diagnosis: need to rule out psychiatric neuro, digestive and other causes
• Medical Management: diet and bio-feedback
• Functional limitations: low endurance, often unable to work
• Increase Endurance

loss of function of one or more components of immune system ST or LT

• Primary: developmental failure somewhere in the system ( genetic)
• Secondary: (aquired) infection, malnutrition, speleenectomy
• Drug induced: after organ transplant

• Effects: Increased risk of opportunisitc infections
• Treatment: replacement therapy using gamma globulin sheltered evnironment (passive immunity)

• Human Immunodeficiency Virus
• Transmission
• Direct contact with blood, body fluids

• HIV virus infects T-helper cells
• Phase 1: test is positive 2-10 weeks as antibodies form
• Phase 2: latent (can be years)
• Phase 3: acute immunodeficiency and diagnosis of AIDS

• General: lymphadenopathy, fatigue, weakness, headache, and arthralgia
• Neurological: brian cells can become infected by virus; affect cognition, coordination, balance
• Secondary Infections
• Cancer: Kaposi's sarcoma

children and be born HIV positive and convert to negative

• fatigue, weakness pain
• Decrease balance
• Dementia -effects ADL's
• Respiratory complications - causes death

• HIV: test of HIV anitbodies ELISA(enyzme linked immunosorband assay
• AIDS:
• Decrease in T-helper lymphocytes in blood
• Lymphopenia in presence of opportunisic infections

• Anti-viral meds (AZT)
• Management of symptoms
• fatigue, pain, constipation, ect

• Work simplification / energy conservation
• ROM. flexibilty
• Balance and Coordination, Functional training with emphasis on safety
• Depression - use perposeful goal realted actvities
• Address pain
• Peds: address developmental delay