-
Anterior
- - in front of
- - toward the surface of
-
Caudal
At the rear or tail end
-
-
Deep
- on the inside
- underneath another structure
-
Distal
- Farthest from the attachment
- Point of a limb to the trunk
-
Dorsal
the back side of the human body
-
-
Lateral
away from the middle of the body
-
Medial
Toward the midline of the body
-
Posterior
- in back of
- toward the back surface
-
Proximal
Closest to the attachment point of a limb to the trunk
-
Superficial
On the outside of the surface of the body
-
-
Ventral
The belly side of the human body
-
Anatomic Position
- Body is standing up, facing forward with palms open
- No two bones cross each other
-
Coronal (frontal) Plane
- Plane that seperates the body into anterior and posterior portions
- Splits body from front and back
-
Transverse (Horizontal) Plane
- Plane that seperates the body into superior and inferior portions
- Splits body at waist, splitting top half from bottom half
-
Saggital Plane
- Seperates the body into left and right portions
- May or may not be equal on each side.
-
Midsaggital Plane
Splits the body into left and right portions equally
-
Abdominal
Region Inferior to the thorax (chest) and superior to the hip bones
-
Antebrachial
- Forearm
- Between elbow and wrist
-
Antecubital
Region Anterior to the elbow
-
-
-
Brachial
- Arm
- Between shoulder and elbow
-
-
Calcaneal
Heel of the foot
-
-
-
-
-
-
Crural
- Leg
- Between Knee and Ankle
-
-
Digital (phalangeal)
Fingers or Toes
-
-
-
Fibular
Lateral Aspect of the leg
-
-
-
-
Inguinal
- Groin
- Sometimes used to describe crease in thigh near trunk
-
Lumbar
- Relating to the loins
- Part of back and sides between ribs and pelvis
-
-
-
-
-
Occipital
- Posterior aspect of the head
- Back of the head
-
Olecranal
Posterior of the elbow
-
-
-
-
-
-
Perineal
Diamond chaped region between the thight that contain the anus and selected external reproductive organs
-
-
-
-
Popliteal
Area posterior to the knee
-
Pubic
Anterior region to the pelvis
-
Radial
Lateral aspect of the forearm
-
Sacral
Posterior region between the hip bones
-
-
Sternal
Anterior middle region of the thorax
-
Sural
- Calf
- Posterior part of the leg
-
-
-
Tibial
Medial aspect of the leg
-
Ulnar
Medial aspect of the forearm
-
-
-
Posterior Aspect contains what two cavities?
- Cranial Cavity
- Vertebral Cavity
-
What is the Cranial cavity?
- Formed by the cranium
- Houses the brain
-
Vertebral Canal
formed by the individual bones of the vertebral column and contains the spinal cord
-
What cavity does the cranial cavity and the vertebral canal lie in?
Posterior Aspect
-
What cavities are in the Ventral cavities?
- Thoracic cavity
- Abdominopelvic cavity
-
What cavities are in the abdominopelvic cavity?
- Abdominal cavity
- pelvic cavity
-
What is in the thoracic cavity?
- the median space in the thoracic cavity is the Mediastinum
- Contains the heart, thymus, esophogus, trachea, and major blood vessels
- Right and left sides contain the lungs
-
What is in the mediastinum?
The heart
-
The layer of the heart is known as what?
Enclosed by a two-layered serous membrane called pericardium.
-
What are the two layers of the pericardium?
- Parietal pericardium = the outermost layer and forms the sac around the heart
- Visceral pericardium = forms the heart's external surface
-
What is the pericardial cavity?
the potential space between the parietal and visceral pericardia; it contains serous fluid
-
What is the layer that surrounds the lungs of the thoracic cavity?
Lined by the pleura
-
What are the two types of pleura layer?
- Parietal pleura = outer layer of this serous membrane
- visceral pleura = inner layer of this serous membrane
-
What is in the abdominal cavity?
- contains most of the organs of the digestive system, kidneys, ureters of the urinary system.
- Contains the stomach, spleen, liver, pancreas, small intestine, most of large intestine, kidneys, ureters.
-
What is in the pelvic cavity?
- Region located between the hip bones and interior to a horizontal plane between the superior ridges of the hip bones.
- Associated with the pelvic viscera, including urinary bladder and urethra, internal reproductive organs, some of the large intestines.
-
What are the regions? (starting from top row) (1,2,3...)
- 1. Right Hypochondriac Region
- 2. Epigastric Region
- 3. Left Hypochondriac Region
- 4. Right Lumbar Region
- 5. Umbilical Region
- 6. Left Lumbar
- 7. Right Iliac Region
- 8. Hypogastric Region
- 9. Left Iliac Region
-
What is in the epigastric region?
- Superior region in the middle column.
- Contains part of the liver, part of the stomach, the duodenum, part of the pancreas, and both adrenal glands.
-
What is in the umbilical region?
- Middle region in the middle column
- Contains transverse colon (middle part) , part of the small intestine, and the branches of the blood vessels to the lower limbs.
-
What is in the hypogastric region?
- inferior region in the middle column
- typically contains part of the small intestine, the urinary bladder, and the sigmoid colon of the large intestine
-
What is in the right and left hypochondriac regions
- Right contains part of the liver, the gallbladder, and part of the right kidney
- Left contains part of the stomach, the spleen, the left colic flexure of the large intestine, and part of the left kidney
-
What is in the right and left lumbar regions?
- the middle regions lateral to the umbilical region.
- Right contains the ascending colon and the right colic flexure of the large intestine, the superior part of the cecum, part of the right kidney, and part of the small intestine.
- Leftcontains the descending colon, part of left kidney, and part of small intestine.
-
What is in the left and right iliac regions?
- inferior regions lateral to the hypogastric region
- Right contains the inferior end of the cecum, the appendix, and part of the small intestine.
- Left contains the junction of parts of the colon as well as part of the small intestine.
-
Anatomy
Study of structure
-
Physiology
Study of the function of body structures
-
Microscopic Anatomy
examines structures that cannot be observed by the unpaid eye.
-
Cytology
the study of single body cells and their internal structures
-
Histology
study of tissues
-
Gross Anatomy (macroscopic anatomy)
investigates the structure and relationships of large body parts that are visible to the unaided eye, such as the intestines, stomach, brain, heart, and kidneys.
-
Comparative Anatomy
Examines the similarities and differences in the anatomy of species
-
Developmental Anatomy
Investigates the change in structure within an individual from conception through maturity
-
Embyology
is concerned specifically with developmental changes occurring prior to birth
-
Regional Anatomy
- examines all the structures in a particular region of the body as one complete unit
- example = the skin, connective tissue and fat, bones, muscles, nerves, and blood vessels of the neck
-
Surface Anatomy
examines both superficial anatomic marking and internal body structures as they relate to the skin covering them.
-
Systemic Anatomy
studies the gross anatomy of each system in the body
-
Pathologic Anatomy
examines all anatomic changes resulting from disease
-
Radiographic Anatomy
Studies the relationships among internal structures that may be visualized by specific scanning procedures, such as ultrasound, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), or xray
-
Surgical Anatomy
investigates the anatomic landmarks used before and after surgery.
-
What are the Levels of Structural Organizations of the body? (simplest to most complex)
- 1. Chemical level
- 2. Cellular level
- 3. Tissue Level
- 4. Organ Level
- 5. Organ System Level
- 6. Organismal
-
What is the Chemical Level of structural organization?
- composed of atoms and molecules
- Atoms are small units of matter, in which two or more atoms make a molecule
- molecule is a protein, a water molecule, or a vitamin, which join into make cells.
-
What is the Cellular Level of structural organization?
Specialized structural and functional units called organelles permit all living cells to share certain common functions.
-
What is the Tissue Level of structural organization?
tissues are precise organizations of similar cells that perform specialized functions.
-
What is the Organ Level of structural organization?
- Different tissue types combine to form an organ, such as the small intestine, brain, lungs, stomach, or heart.
- Organs contain two or more tissue types that work together to perform specific, complex functions.
-
What is the Organ System Level of structural organization?
consists of related organs that work together to coordinate activities and achieve a common function
-
What is the Organismal Level of structural organization?
all body systems function interdependently in a single living human being
-
What are the Characteristics of Living Things?
- 1. Organization
- 2. Metabolism
- 3. Growth and Development
- 4. Responsiveness
- 5. Adaptation
- 6. Regulation
- 7. Reproduction
|
|