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What is the basic structural and functional unit of life?
the cell
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What is the study of cells?
cytology
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Who first described microorganisms?
Antony van Leeuwenhock
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Who first used the term "cell"?
Robert Hooke
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The work of several scientists led to the establishment of cell theory. What two German scientists are associated with this theory?
Schleiden and Schwann
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During what time period did Schleiden and Schwann propose their theory?
1839
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Cells vary in size and shape. Why?
form follows function
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How does the plasma membrane function as the "gatekeeper" of the cell?
it regulates the passage of substances into and out of the cell
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What are lipids?
organic compounds that are insoluble in water
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List the three types of lipids found in the plasma membrane.
phospholipids, cholesterol, & glycolipids
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What is a protein?
an organic polymer composed of amino acids
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What is cytosol?
the fluid of the cytoplasm
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Define organelle.
"little organs"
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Endoplasmic reticulum - What is this organelle? What is it's function?
- an extensive intracellular membrane network throughout the cytoplasm
- to produce, process, & transport proteins
- synthesis, transport, storage, & detoxification
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What is rough ER?
What is its function?
- ribosomes attached to the surface
- protein synthesis
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What makes rough ER appear rough?
ribosomes attached to its surface
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What is smooth ER?
What are the various functions of this organelle?
- continuous, even surface
- synthesis of lipids, metabolism of carbohydrates & detoxification
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Golgi apparatus - What is it?
- several tiny membranous sacs or vesicles located near the nucleus
- modifies & packages material from the rough ER
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Lysosomes - What are they?
- membranous spheres containing enzymes that break down worn out parts of the cell or substances phagocytized by the cell
- the digestive system for the cell
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Peroxisomes - What are they?
sacs containing catalase that converts H2O2 into water
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Mitochondria - What are they?
the powerhouse of the cell
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Ribosomes - Define and give the function of these organelles.
dense granules that are responsible for protein synthesis
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Cytoskeleton - What is it and what are the functions of the cytoskeleton?
- protein subunits organized as filaments or hollow tubes
- maintains cell shape
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What is the centriole-containing region of clear cytoplasm adjacent to the nucleus?
centrosomes
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What are the rodlike organelles which produce spindle fibers during cell division?
centrioles
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What are the numerous, short, hair-like projections that wave and move substance along a passage?
cilia
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What is the long tubular structure whose whipping movement propels cells forward?
flagella
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What are the thin, immobile projections of the superficial surface of the plasma membrane that increase surface area?
microvilli
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Inclusions - What are they?
chemical substance found in the cytosol
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What is the complete term for DNA?
deoxyribonucleic acid
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Nuclear envelope - What is it?
bi-layered membrane enclosing the nucleus
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How does the nuclear envelope differ from the plasma membrane in its structure?
nuclear pores
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Nucleoli - What are they?
dark-staining, spherical bodies responsible for making the small and large subunits of ribosomes
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What is the DNA and the protein molecules it is wrapped around?
chromatin
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What are linear structures formed from chromatin?
chromosomes
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